Pilet-Golaz and the Making of Swiss Foreign Policy: Some Remarks

Pilet-Golaz and the Making of Swiss Foreign Policy: Some Remarks

Pilet-Golaz and the making of Swiss foreign policy: some remarks Autor(en): Wylie, Neville Objekttyp: Article Zeitschrift: Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Geschichte = Revue suisse d'histoire = Rivista storica svizzera Band (Jahr): 47 (1997) Heft 4: Die Schweiz und der Zweite Weltkrieg = La Suisse et la Seconde Guerre mondiale PDF erstellt am: 06.10.2021 Persistenter Link: http://doi.org/10.5169/seals-81206 Nutzungsbedingungen Die ETH-Bibliothek ist Anbieterin der digitalisierten Zeitschriften. Sie besitzt keine Urheberrechte an den Inhalten der Zeitschriften. Die Rechte liegen in der Regel bei den Herausgebern. Die auf der Plattform e-periodica veröffentlichten Dokumente stehen für nicht-kommerzielle Zwecke in Lehre und Forschung sowie für die private Nutzung frei zur Verfügung. Einzelne Dateien oder Ausdrucke aus diesem Angebot können zusammen mit diesen Nutzungsbedingungen und den korrekten Herkunftsbezeichnungen weitergegeben werden. 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Ein Dienst der ETH-Bibliothek ETH Zürich, Rämistrasse 101, 8092 Zürich, Schweiz, www.library.ethz.ch http://www.e-periodica.ch Pilet-Golaz and the making of Swiss foreign policy: some remarks Neville Wylie Zusammenfassung Nach Bonjours Darstellung folgten mehrere Studien, welche auch die innenpolitische Dimension des Aussenministers, sein Umfeld und seine Art, sich in diesem zu bewegen, sichtbar machten. Der Beitrag zeigt Pilets Verhältnis bzw. sein NichtVerhältnis zur Mehrzahl seiner Mitarbeiter und insbesondere zur Wirtschaft. Die Beziehungen zu den ausländischen Diplomaten waren offenbar gut, doch diese hatten in beiden Richtungen nur schwache Verbindungen zu ihren Regierungen. Der Hauptpunkt dieses Beitrages: Die Schweiz hatte in einer Zeit, da die Aussenwirtschaft von besonderer politischer Bedeutung war und ein Teil der schweizerischen Unternehmen grosse Kriegsgewinne erwirtschafteten, einen Aussenminister, der sich für diesen Teil der Aussenbeziehungen kaum interessierte. Die heutigen Altlasten könnten der Preis unter anderem auch für diese Vernachlässigung sein. Resume A la suite de la publication du Rapport Bonjour, plusieurs etudes se sont interessees au fonetionnement interieur du ministere des Affaires etrangeres. Cette contribution met en evidence les relations de Pilet-Golaz - plus exactement l 'absence de relations — avec la plupart de ses collaborateurs et en particulier avec l'economie. Les contacts avec les diplomates etrangers etaient generalement bons, pourtant ceux-ci n 'avaient que de faibles echanges avec leur gouvernement. C'est ainsi qu'ä un moment oü l'economie exterieure avait une signification politique particuliere et qu'une partie des entreprises suisses realisaient de grands profits de * The author would like to thank Pierre Braunschweig for commenting on an earlier draft of this paper. 608 guerre, la Suisse eut un ministre des Affaires etrangeres, qui ne s 'interes- sait qu 'ä peine ä cette dimension des relations exterieures. Une partie des difficultes actuelles sont le coüt de cette negligence. In the recent public controversies surrounding Switzerland's wartime history, Marcel Pilet-Golaz, Swiss foreign minister from 1940 to 1944, has been noticeable by his absence. This is a curious Omission, for Pilet has long been an intensely controversial figure for Swiss historians and public alike. His "defeatist" presidential radio address of 25 June 1940, audience with the Swiss fascist party the following autumn and supposed 'peace brokering' later in the war, have been the subject of much debate. If the current furore is to produce a fundamental reassessment of Switzerland's role in the war, the historical image of Pilet-Golaz is likely to require care- ful examination. This will be no easy task. Pilet was by nature cautious and left few clues as to his true attitudes or opinions. The strong emotions he aroused in his contemporaries have also meant that the historical record is often strongly flavoured with personal prejudice. Perhaps for these rea- sons, Pilet has yet to find a biographer, and there is still considerable dark- ness surrounding many aspects of his life and attitudes. So as to help assist in this reassessment, this essay will outline how Swiss historians have por- trayed Pilet in the past, and then sketch out some aspects of Pilet's foreign policy decision making. Pilet and the historians The 'traditional' view of Pilet was enunciated in its most unambiguous form in Edgar Bonjour's monumental Geschichte der schweizerischen Neutralität1. Reflecting the views of Pilet's many political opponents, Bonjour portrayed Switzerland's war as a simple struggle between adaptation or resistance, and east Pilet in the role of leading appeaser. Pilet was the weak 'Pontius Pilate', easily swayed by the raueous criticisms emanat- ing from Berlin and Rome, and in the end, prepared to mortgage Swiss independence and traditions in order to fit Switzerland quietly into Hitler's New Order. Bonjour did not go so far as to liken Pilet with Laval, nor did he consider Pilet a genuine 'Quisling'. But Pilet's excessive pessimism and belief in an ultimate German victory were considered important fac- tors in weakening the morale of the federal authorities, at the very moment 1 Edgar Bonjour: Geschichte der schweizerischen Neutralität. Vier Jahrhunderte eidgenössischer Aussenpolitik, Basle, Helbing & Lichtenhahn, vois. 4-6, esp. vol. 5, chapter 17. See also Alice Meyer: Anpassung oder Widerstand. Die Schweiz zur Zeit des deutschen Nationalsozialismus, Frauenfeld, Huber, 1965. 609 when a strong lead was required. Amidst the population at large, Bonjour's magisterial report had the effect of cementing the populär view that Switzerland's difficulties in 1940 and beyond were caused, or at least aggra- vated, by Pilet's pusillanimity. The opening of the federal archive to researchers quickly stimulated views of Pilet which differed from that offered by Bonjour. Initially, discussion centred around those aspects of the story which were most at odds with the populär pereeptions. The proposals of the commander-in-chief of the armed forces, General Guisan, for the dispatch of 'special missions' to Washington, London and most notably Berlin in the autumn of 1940 and spring of 1941 came under close scrutiny. While the motives of Guisan, hitherto considered the personification of Switzerland's will to resist, were open to a ränge of interpretations, Pilet's refusal to countenance any pilgrimage to Berlin obviously stood in his favour, and contradicted his image as an arch appeaser2. But other areas were also considered open for reassessment. Whatever his motives in articulating a pro-German line and giving Berlin the impression that he genuinely considered an aecommoda- tion to be in Switzerland's best interests, Pilet almost certainly helped ease Swiss-German relations at a critical time. Given the State of Swiss defences, especially in the air, Pilet had just reason to consider Guisan's heroie public utterances inappropriate and even counter-produetive3. Commentators in the Suisse romande were particularly responsive to the new research, and to the argument that Pilet had been unjustly branded a scapegoat to excuse the more ignominious chapters of Switzerland's war- time history. Though some of the works were blatantly hagiographie, and an apologetic strain exists in much ofthe literature, they did have the effect of popularising a more sympathetic appraisal of 'their' federal councillor4. The latest retouches to Pilet's historical image have been applied by the Winterthur historian Erwin Bucher. In Zwischen Bundesrat und General (1991), Bucher examined Pilet's foreign policy from the perspective of his internal political Situation5. For all the difficulties associated with this per- 2 See O. Gauye: 'Le general Guisan et la diplomatie suisse, 1940-1941', Studien und Quellen, 4, Berne, Schweizerisches Bundesarchiv, 1978, pp. 5-63. 3 Daniel Bourgeois: 'L'image allemande de Pilet-Golaz, 1940-1944', Studien und Quellen, 4, 1978, pp. 68-125, and 'La Suisse et la Deuxieme Guerre Mondiale. Guisan, Pilet-Golaz? Le cas des relations Germano-Suisses', Alliance Culturelle Romande, 23,1977, pp. 11-16. For a critical, balanced summary of Pilet's career, see J.-C. Favez and M. Fleury: 'Marcel Pilet-Golaz 1889- 1958', in Urs Altermatt (ed.): Die Schweizer Bundesräte. Ein biographisches Lexikon, Zürich, Artemis & Winkler, 1991 (2nd ed. 1997), pp. 366-371. 4 Alfred Bonnet: Le grand merite de Pilet-Golaz, Lausanne, private publication, 1977, Georges- Andre Chevallaz: Le Defi de la Neutralite. Diplomatie et defense de la Suisse 1939-1945, Vevey, L'Aire, 1995. 5 Erwin Bucher: Zwischen Bundesrat und General. Schweizer Politik und Armee im Zweiten Weltkrieg, St. Gallen, Verlagsgemeinschaft, 1991, esp. pp. 575-598. 610 spective, the belated acknowledgement of a connection between Switzerland's Innen- and Aussenpolitik, advanced our appreciation ofthe circum- stances within which foreign policy was allowed

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