Chapter 2 Higher Education in Science and Engineering Highlights .....................................................................................................................................2-4 Characteristics of the U.S. Higher Education System ..............................................................2-4 Undergraduate Education, Enrollment, and Degrees ...............................................................2-4 Graduate Education, Enrollment, and Degrees .........................................................................2-5 International S&E Higher Education ........................................................................................2-6 Introduction .................................................................................................................................2-7 Chapter Overview .....................................................................................................................2-7 Chapter Organization ................................................................................................................2-7 The U.S. Higher Education System .............................................................................................2-7 Institutions Providing S&E Education ......................................................................................2-7 Trends in Higher Education Expenditures and Revenues ......................................................2-12 Financing Higher Education ...................................................................................................2-15 Undergraduate Education, Enrollment, and Degrees in the United States ................................2-20 Undergraduate Enrollment in the United States .....................................................................2-20 Undergraduate Degree Awards ...............................................................................................2-24 Graduate Education, Enrollment, and Degrees in the United States .........................................2-27 Graduate Enrollment by Field ................................................................................................2-27 S&E Master’s Degrees ...........................................................................................................2-29 S&E Doctoral Degrees ...........................................................................................................2-31 International S&E Higher Education .........................................................................................2-37 Higher Education Expenditures ..............................................................................................2-37 Educational Attainment ..........................................................................................................2-38 First University Degrees in S&E Fields .................................................................................2-38 S&E First University Degrees by Sex ....................................................................................2-40 Global Comparison of S&E Doctoral Degrees .......................................................................2-41 Global Student Mobility ........................................................................................................2-42 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................2-44 Notes ..........................................................................................................................................2-45 Glossary .....................................................................................................................................2-48 References .................................................................................................................................2-48 List of Sidebars Carnegie Classification of Academic Institutions ........................................................................2-8 Improving Measurement of Productivity in Higher Education .................................................2-16 Discipline-Based Education Research .......................................................................................2-23 Master’s Completion and Attrition in S&E ...............................................................................2-30 Professional Science Master’s Degrees .....................................................................................2-30 Mapping Mobility in European Higher Education ....................................................................2-40 ♦ 2-1 2-2 ♦ Chapter 2. Higher Education in Science and Engineering List of Tables Table 2-1. Degree-granting institutions, by control and level of institution: 2011–12 ...............2-8 Table 2-2. U.S. citizen and permanent resident S&E doctorate recipients whose baccalaureate origin is a high Hispanic enrollment institution, by race and ethnicity: 2007–11 ...................................................................................................................2-9 Table 2-3. U.S. citizen and permanent resident S&E doctorate recipients whose baccalaureate origin is an HBCU, by race and ethnicity: 2007–11 ........................................2-9 Table 2-4. U.S. citizen and permanent resident S&E doctorate recipients who reported earning college credit from a community or 2-year college, by race and ethnicity: 2007–11 .................................................................................................................................2-10 Table 2-5. Community college attendance among recent recipients of S&E bachelor’s and master’s degrees, by degree level and degree year: 1999–2010 ....................................2-10 Table 2-6. Community college attendance among recent recipients of S&E degrees, by sex, race, ethnicity, and citizenship status: 2010 .............................................................2-11 Table 2-7. Title IV Institutions, by distance education status, control, and level of institution: 2011–12 ..............................................................................................................2-12 Table 2-8. Net tuition and fees for full-time undergraduate students by institutional control: 2007–08 through 2012–13 .......................................................................................2-16 Table 2-9. Full-time S&E graduate students, by source and mechanism of primary support: 2011 .........................................................................................................................2-17 Table 2-10. Primary support mechanisms for S&E doctorate recipients, by 2010 Carnegie classification of doctorate-granting institution: 2011 ...........................................................2-20 Table 2-11. Foreign students enrolled in U.S. higher education institutions, by broad field and academic level: 2008–12 .......................................................................................2-24 Table 2-12. Median number of years from entering graduate school to receipt of S&E doctorate, by 2010 Carnegie classification of doctorate-granting institution: 1997–2011 ...2-33 Table 2-13. Foreign recipients of U.S. S&E doctorates, by country/economy of origin: 1991–2011 .............................................................................................................................2-34 Table 2-14. Asian recipients of U.S. S&E doctorates, by field and country/economy of origin: 1991–2011 .............................................................................................................2-35 Table 2-15. European recipients of U.S. S&E doctorates, by field and region/country of origin: 1991–2011 .............................................................................................................2-36 Table 2-16. North American, South American, and Middle Eastern recipients of U.S. S&E doctorates, by field and region/country of origin: 1991–2011 .....................................2-37 Table 2-17. Internationally mobile students in selected OECD countries and the United States: 2005 and 2010 ...........................................................................................................2-43 List of Figures Figure 2-1. Community college attendance among recent recipients of S&E degrees, by field of most recent degree: 2003 and 2010 .....................................................................2-11 Figure 2-2. Selected average revenues and expenditures at public very high research universities: 1987–2010 ........................................................................................................2-13 Figure 2-3. Average expenditures per FTE on research at public and private very high research universities: 1987–2010 ..........................................................................................2-13 Figure 2-4. Average expenditures per FTE on instruction at public and private very high research universities: 1987–2010 ..........................................................................................2-14 Figure 2-5. Selected average revenues and expenditures at public 4-year and other postsecondary institutions: 1987–2010 .................................................................................2-14 Figure 2-6. Selected average revenues and expenditures at community colleges: 1987–2010 .............................................................................................................................2-15