Population Council Knowledge Commons Reproductive Health Social and Behavioral Science Research (SBSR) 2008 Study of sexually transmitted infections among urban men in Pakistan: Identifying the bridging population Ali M. Mir Laura Reichenbach Population Council Abdul Wajid Population Council Mumraiz Khan Population Council Follow this and additional works at: https://knowledgecommons.popcouncil.org/departments_sbsr-rh Part of the Demography, Population, and Ecology Commons, Family, Life Course, and Society Commons, Gender and Sexuality Commons, International Public Health Commons, Maternal and Child Health Commons, Medicine and Health Commons, and the Women's Health Commons How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! Recommended Citation Mir, Ali M., Laura Reichenbach, Abdul Wajid, and Mumraiz Khan. 2008. "Study of sexually transmitted infections among urban men in Pakistan: Identifying the bridging population." Islamabad: Population Council. This Report is brought to you for free and open access by the Population Council. Study of Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Urban Men in Pakistan: Identifying the Bridging Population Ali M. Mir Laura Reichenbach Abdul Wajid Mumraiz Khan Commissioned by Conducted by National AIDS Control Programme Ministry of Health - Government of Pakistan Sponsored by The Population Council, an international, nonprofit, nongovernmental organization established in 1952, seeks to improve the well being and reproductive health of current and future generations around the world and to help achieve a humane, equitable, and sustainable balance between people and resources. The Council analyses population issues and trends; conducts research in the reproductive sciences; develops new contraceptives; works with public and private agencies to improve the quality and outreach of family planning and reproductive health services; helps governments design and implement effective population policies; communicates the results of research in the population field to diverse audiences; and helps strengthen professional resources in developing countries through collaborative research and programs, technical exchanges, awards, and fellowships. For inquiries, please contact: Population Council House #7, Street 62, F-6/3, Islamabad, Pakistan Tel: 92 51 2277439 Fax: 92 51 2821401 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.popcouncil.org Layout & Design: Ali Ammad Published: May 2008 The Population Council reserves all rights of ownership of this document. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form by any means electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the permission of the Population Council. DIFD Disclaimer This document presents research funded by the UK Department for International Development (DFID) for the benefit of developing countries. The views expressed are not necessarily those of DFID. TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................... iii List of Tables ..................................................................................................... vii List of Figures ..................................................................................................... x PREFACE xiii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................. xv Abbreviations/Acronyms ...................................................................................... xix Executive Summary ............................................................................................ xxi METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................. XXII RESULTS OF THE STUDY ........................................................................................ XXIII Sociodemographics .................................................................................................................................. xxiii Knowledge of STIs/Perception of risk ...................................................................................................... xxiii Prevalence of STIs .................................................................................................................................... xxiii Self‐reported STIs .................................................................................................................................... xxiv Non‐sexual practices and behaviors ........................................................................................................ xxiv Sexual behaviors ...................................................................................................................................... xxiv Identifying the bridging population .......................................................................................................... xxv DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................... XXVI RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................................... XXVIII Behavior change communication program ........................................................................................... xxviii Health care delivery ............................................................................................................................... xxviii Monitoring and evaluation ...................................................................................................................... xxix 1. Introduction .................................................................................................... 1 BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................... 1 CONTEXT .......................................................................................................... 3 Homogeneity ............................................................................................................................................... 3 Migration and mobility ................................................................................................................................ 4 Occupational status ..................................................................................................................................... 5 Extramarital and premarital sex .................................................................................................................. 5 Variability of STI and HIV transmission in different cultural contexts ......................................................... 6 2. Description of study .......................................................................................... 7 STUDY OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................ 7 STUDY POPULATION ............................................................................................... 7 STUDY DESIGN ..................................................................................................... 8 Qualitative research .................................................................................................................................... 9 Quantitative research .................................................................................................................................. 9 Biological testing ........................................................................................................................................ 11 Sampling protocol and sample size ........................................................................................................... 12 Study team ................................................................................................................................................. 14 DATA MANAGEMENT/DATA ANALYSIS ............................................................................. 15 QUALITY ASSURANCE ............................................................................................. 16 Standard operating procedures ................................................................................................................. 16 Monitoring ................................................................................................................................................. 17 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS ........................................................................................ 17 Informed consent ...................................................................................................................................... 17 Privacy ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Confidentiality ........................................................................................................................................... 18 Risks and benefits ...................................................................................................................................... 19 Partner management ................................................................................................................................ 20 Referral to higher levels of care ................................................................................................................ 20 Waste management .................................................................................................................................