http://videogames.gigcities.com Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile Composite Default screen DATABASES DEMYSTIFIED P:\010Comp\DeMYST\364-9\fm.vp Tuesday, February 10, 2004 9:57:24 AM Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile Composite Default screen This page intentionally left blank. P:\010Comp\DeMYST\364-9\fm.vp Tuesday, February 10, 2004 9:57:24 AM Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile Composite Default screen DATABASES DEMYSTIFIED ANDREW J. OPPEL McGraw-Hill/Osborne New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto P:\010Comp\DeMYST\364-9\fm.vp Tuesday, February 10, 2004 9:57:24 AM Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile Composite Default screen Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. 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Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise. DOI: 10.1036/0071469605 P:\010Comp\DeMYST\364-9\fm.vp Tuesday, February 10, 2004 9:57:24 AM Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile Composite Default screen To everyone from whom I have learned so much about so many things, including the many teachers, students, and co-workers I have had the pleasure of knowing. P:\010Comp\DeMYST\364-9\fm.vp Tuesday, February 10, 2004 9:57:24 AM Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile Composite Default screen ABOUT THE AUTHOR Andrew J. (Andy) Oppel is a proud graduate of The Boys’ Latin School of Mary- land and of Transylvania University (Lexington, KY) where he earned a BA in com- puter science in 1974. Since then he has been continuously employed in a wide variety of information technology positions, including programmer, programmer/ analyst, systems architect, project manager, senior database administrator, database group manager, consultant, database designer, and data architect. In addition, he has been a part-time instructor with the University of California (Berkeley) Extension for over 20 years, and received the Honored Instructor Award for the year 2000. His teaching work has included developing two courses for UC Extension, “Concepts of Database Management Systems” and “Introduction to Relational Database Man- agement Systems.” He also earned his Oracle 9i Database Associate certification in 2003. He is currently employed as the principal data architect for Ceridian, a leading provider of human resource solutions. Aside from computer systems, Andy enjoys music (guitar and vocals), amateur radio (Pacific Division vice director, American Radio Relay League), and soccer (referee instructor, U.S. Soccer). Andy has designed and implemented hundreds of databases for a wide range of applications, including medical research, banking, insurance, apparel manufactur- ing, telecommunications, wireless communications, and human resources. His da- tabase product experience includes IMS, DB2, Sybase, Microsoft SQL Server, Microsoft Access, MySQL, and Oracle (versions 7, 8, 8i, and 9i). Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. Click here for terms of use. P:\010Comp\DeMYST\364-9\fm.vp Tuesday, February 10, 2004 9:57:24 AM Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile Composite Default screen CONTENTS AT A GLANCE CHAPTER 1 Database Fundamentals 1 CHAPTER 2 Exploring Relational Database Components 25 CHAPTER 3 Forms-Based Database Queries 51 CHAPTER 4 Introduction to SQL 89 CHAPTER 5 The Database Life Cycle 129 CHAPTER 6 Logical Database Design Using Normalization 145 CHAPTER 7 Data and Process Modeling 179 CHAPTER 8 Physical Database Design 203 CHAPTER 9 Connecting Databases to the Outside World 227 CHAPTER 10 Database Security 247 CHAPTER 11 Database Implementation 273 CHAPTER 12 Databases for Online Analytical Processing 293 Final Exam 307 Answers to Quizzes and Final Exam 325 Index 329 vii P:\010Comp\DeMYST\364-9\fm.vp Tuesday, February 10, 2004 9:57:24 AM Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile Composite Default screen This page intentionally left blank. P:\010Comp\DeMYST\364-9\fm.vp Tuesday, February 10, 2004 9:57:24 AM Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile Composite Default screen For more information about this title, click here CONTENTS Acknowledgments xvii Introduction xix CHAPTER 1 Database Fundamentals 1 Properties of a Database 1 The Database Management System (DBMS) 2 Layers of Data Abstraction 3 Physical Data Independence 5 Logical Data Independence 6 Prevalent Database Models 7 Flat Files 7 The Hierarchical Model 9 The Network Model 11 The Relational Model 13 The Object-Oriented Model 15 The Object-Relational Model 16 A Brief History of Databases 17 Why Focus on Relational? 19 Quiz 20 CHAPTER 2 Exploring Relational Database Components 25 Conceptual Database Design Components 26 Entities 27 ix P:\010Comp\DeMYST\364-9\fm.vp Tuesday, February 10, 2004 9:57:24 AM Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile Composite Default screen Demystified / Databases Demystified / Oppel/ 225364-9 / FM Databases Demystified x Attributes 27 Relationships 28 Business Rules 32 Logical/Physical Database Design Components 33 Tables 33 Columns and Data Types 34 Constraints 37 Integrity Constraints 42 Views 45 Quiz 46 CHAPTER 3 Forms-Based Database Queries 51 QBE: The Roots of Forms-Based Queries 52 Getting Started in Microsoft Access 52 The Microsoft Access Relationships Panel 55 The Microsoft Access Table Design View 57 Creating Queries in Microsoft Access 59 Example 3-1: List All Customers 62 Example 3-2: Choosing Columns to Display 63 Example 3-3: Sorting Results 64 Example 3-4: Advanced Sorting 66 Example 3-5: Choosing Rows to Display 66 Example 3-6: Compound Row Selection 68 Example 3-7: Using Not Equal 70 Example 3-8: Joining Tables 70 Example 3-9: Limiting Join Results 72 Example 3-10: Outer Joins 75 Example 3-11: Multiple Joins; Calculated Columns 77 Example 3-12: Aggregate Functions 80 Example 3-13: Self-Joins 82 Quiz 85 P:\010Comp\DeMYST\364-9\fm.vp Tuesday, February 10, 2004 9:57:24 AM Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile Composite Default screen Demystified / Databases Demystified / Oppel/ 225364-9 / FM CONTENTS xi CHAPTER 4 Introduction to SQL 89 The History of SQL 90 Getting Started with Oracle SQL 91 Where’s the Data? 96 Finding Database Objects Using Catalog Views 97 Viewing Database Objects Using Oracle Enterprise Manager 98 Data Query Language (DQL): The SELECT Statement 100 Example 4-1: Listing All Employees 100 Example 4-2: Limiting Columns to Display 100 Example 4-3: Sorting Results 102 Choosing Rows to Display 103 Joining Tables 108 Aggregate Functions 112 Data Manipulation Language (DML) 114 Transaction