NEW MODELS FOR FUTURE RETtREM ENT: A STIJIII! OF COLLEGEKNIVERSITY LINKED RETIREMENT COMMUNITIES Tien-Chien Tsao A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Architecture) in The University of Michigan 2003 Doctoral Committee: Professor Leon A. Pastalan, Chair Professor I-Iarold 5. Borkin Professor Marion Perlmutter, Cognate Professor Jean D. W inernan 'Tien - Chien Tsao ...-. 2003 All Rights Resewed TABLE OF CONTENTS LISr OF TABLES ......................................................................................................... iv Lf ST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ vi .. LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................................................................ vtl CHAPTER 1 ...................................................................................................................... 1 ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES ........................................................................ 1 In Search Of Meaning And Value In Retirement: Balanced Role Opportunities .Learning. Work tllnd Leisure ...................a The Changing Nature Of Older Adults: Older Adults As Precious Resources ................................................................... 5 'X'he Role Of Colleges And Universities: Colleges Anci 'L'niversities As Agents Of Social Change ................................9 College/lJniversity Linked Retirement Communities: New Models For Future Retirement ................................................ 11 Research Questions ....................................................................... 15 CNAPTEK 2 .......................... .. ..................................................................................... 17 LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................... 17 The Nature And History Of Retirement Communities ................. 17 The Issues .4 nd... Problems Of Retirement And Retirement C~ommun~tres............................... .. ..................................... 21 'Two Major Social Trends: "Learning While Aging'' And "Working While Aging" ......................................................... 31 The Rise Of Col1egeAJniversit-y L.inked Retirement Communities ...........................................................................41 CHAP'TER 3 ...................................................................................................................47 Research Design Overview ...........................................................47 Selection Of Retirement Communities As Research Sites ........... 50 Data Collection And Analysis............................ .... ................... 59 RESEARCI-I FINDINGS .................................................................................... 65 The Characteristics I:>f Older Adults ............................................. 6 The Attributes Of The Environment ........................................... 100 'fie Role Of Colleges .hd. Universities ..................................... 126 C:BA13'T'ER S ........................... ... ......................................................... ................ 135 DlSCtJSSfONS AND IhIYLICATIONS OF RESEARCH FINlIXNCS .......... 135 An C)ven.iew ...............................................................................1~35 A Comparison Of Two (lases ..................................................... 150 Emergent Themes ..................................................................... '159 CHAPTER 6 ................................................................................................................ 188 Older Adults. the Society and the New Model for Fume Retirement ............................................................................. IS8 Colleges:Universities .And The New Model Fctr Future Retireme~lt............................................................................. 193 .4 Framework for Future Research ........................................... 198 APPENDICES ........................................................................................................... 204 Table 3-1: ']['he C:ollege;'Cji~iversityLinked Retirement Community Email Sunley 1 Category... I .................................................................................................................... i.F Table 3-2 The College~.jnversityLinked Retirement Community Email Swey !i Category 1 (continued) ..............................................................................................56 'I'able 3-3 The CollegelISniversity Linked Retirement Community Elnail Survey / Category I1 ................................................................................................................57 Table 3-4 The College/I.lniversity Linked Retirement Conmunity Email Survey !i (:'ategory 111 ............................................................................................................... 58 Table 4- 1 : Gender and Age of Respondents / UC ............................................................ 66 Table 4-2: Marital Status of Respondents !' I..X ................................................................ fi? Table 4-3: Educational Attainment !i UC ..........................................................................68 'Fable 4-4: Health Status i UC ...........................................................................................68 Table 4-5: Work Status 1 UC ........................................................................................ 69 Table 4-6: CIousehold Income / UC ..................................................................................70 Table 4-7: Associations with the University i 1.K ........................................ ....... ........... 74 'Table 4-8: Taking Advantage of Resources on the Campus i UC .................................... 72 'Table 4-9: Activities on the Campus ...............................................................................R 13 Table 4-10: Places of Using Computer / L!C .................................................................. 73 Table 4-1 1 : Kasons for Using Computer / UC ................................................................ 74 Table 4-1 2: Internet Activities i UC ............................................................................... 75 Table 4- 13: Experience of Using Internet i IIC ................................................................76 'Fable 4- 14: Independence and Internet ji UC ....................................................................76 Table 4- 15: Social Belonging and Internet / UC .............................................................. 77 Table 4-1 6: Fulfillment of Expectations iUC .................................................................. 7'7 Table 4- 17: Gender and Age of Respondents / I-ICV .............................. .... ................. 78 Fable 4-1 8: Marital Status of Respondents / 1-ICV ........................................................ 79 'l'able 4- 19: Educational Attainment / I-ICV ..................................................................... 79 'Table 4-20: I-Iealth Status / EiCV ...................................................................................... 80 Table 4-2 1: Work Status / HCV ........................................................................................ 811 Table 4-22: Household Income i HCV ............................................................................. 81 Table 4-27: Associations with the tlniversity !' HCV .......................................................82 'Fable 4-24: Taking Advantage of Campus Resources / HCV .......................................... 83 'Table 4-25: Activities an Clampus / HCV ......................................................................... 84 'Table 4-26: Places sf Using Computer i HCV ................................................................. 84 Table 4-27: Reasons for Using Computer / HCV ............................................................. 85 Table 4-28: Internet Activities !I-ICV .............................................................................. 86 ... l able 4-29: Experience of Using Internet / I-ICY ............................................................. 56 Table 4-30: Independence and Internet i HCV ................................................................ 87 'Table 4-3 1 : Social Belonging and Jnternet / EJCV ............................................................ 87 Table 4-32: Fulfillment of Expectations / I-ECIV ............................................................... $8 'Table 5-1 : A C~ornparisonof Two Cases / 'The Characteristics of Older Adults ............ 155 Table 5-2: A Comparison of 'Two Cases / 'fie Attributes of the Environment - Environmental Resources .................................................................................... 156 'T'able 5-3: A Comparison of Two Cases / The Attributes of the Environment -. Ma-jor Behavioral Patterns ................................................................................................. 157 'X'able 5-4: A Comparison of Two Cases / The Attributes of the Environment - The Role of Colleges and Universities ................................................................................. 458 Table 6-1 : A Preliminary Comparison of 'Traditional Retirement Communities and College/University Linked Retirement Communities..........................................