7 30 ?1 53 KHIKdl* ALPHA-YAYAH AN AXIOMATIC THEORY OF REGIONAL INTEGRATIOM: APPLICATIONS TO WEST AFRICA. THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, PH.D., 197b University Microfilms Intem atkX ial 300 N. ZEEB ROAD, ANN ARBOR, Ml 48106 © Copyright by Alpha-Yayah Kaikai 1978 AN AXIOMATIC THEORY OF REGIONAL INTEGRATION: APPLICATIONS TO WEST AFRICA DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Alpha-Yayah Kaikai, B.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1978 Reading Committee: Approved By Chadwick F. Alger, Chairman James E. Harf Edward J. Taaffe Adviser * Department of Political Science Dedicated to the Memory of my mother Mariama Kaikai ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The expresssion "you have finally made it" implies the achieve­ ment of an important objective but not without encountering many ser­ ious difficulties. It is fully borne out by this writer’s experiences in graduate school. Originally brought up in the "traditional" mode of political science research, this writer knew absolutely nothing about empirical research until he entered graduate school. Indeed, his interest in empirical research was first provoked by reference to the Polimetrics Laboratory in the brochure of the Department of Political Science, Ohio State. Since his traditional mind had always associated labora­ tories with the hard sciences, he decided to find out what on earth took place inside a social science lab. What followed later (in graduate school) was a painful and pro­ tracted experience that required extra hard work on his part to make up for lost time. On the other hand, the expression (referred to above) ignores valuable assistance that is accorded one along the way. This writer wishes to acknowledge the help of specific persons, and others too numerous to mention by name, without which this work would not have been possible. Of course, he takes full responsibility for all errors (of commission and omission) that appear in this dissertation. First and foremost many thanks go to this writer's parents. Their decision to invest in all of their children's education was certainly a noble example to many others in their local community. That invest­ ment, part of a growing trend in Sierra Leone, is bound to fructify sooner or later. This writer’s brother Septimus M. Kaikai (professor of economics and chairman of the Business Studies Division, Catonsville Community College, Maryland) and his wife Regina (professor of education, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland) picked up where this writer's mom and dad left off. They not only made college education in the United States possible for him, but also provided him with room and board while he did his undergraduate work. This writer has also always felt free to draw upon his brother's expertise. To both him and his wife many thanks are due. Sincere thanks are due also to the Graduate School and Department of Political Science, Ohio State for providing this writer with valu­ able financial assistance throughout his graduate program. Besides making the program possible, this assistance went a long way in re­ ducing the impact of adjusting to empirical political research. This writer's advisor deserves immense thanks for providing him with the necessary guidance in the course of his graduate program. Professor Chadwick F. Alger has been helpful to him in more ways than one: His methodical way of doing things, detailed advice on academic and personal matters, and his care in alerting this writer to and making available to him materials pertinent to his research interests (which he helped shape) will ever remain to ring in his ears. Professor Alger first drew this writer's attention to the interde­ pendence of the contemporary international system and the role that international organizations play in it. Thanks are due also to this writer's reading committee for their careful and prompt reading of various drafts of this dissertation. Professor Harf's methodological insight and Professor Taaffe's trans­ portation expertise were indispensable to the completion of this dissertation. This writer is also grateful to his friend Dr. Okey Onyejekwe for cheering him on. At critical times when he felt frustrated, Okey was fond of reminding him that victory was within his grasp. With the ball on the one-yard line, this writer had to muster up strength to score the winning touchdown, otherwise mother Africa should take him to task. One may know what one wants to do, but how to do it is another matter entirely. The assistance of the staff of the Polimetrics lab­ oratory with the computer runs reduced drastically the number of error messages that are characteristic of quantitative research. This enabled the present writer to spend as much time as possible in uni­ versity libraries whose staff helped him tremendously to locate valuable research materials. Mrs. Sandy Wood's professional typing is clearly evident in these pages. She also typed various drafts of this dissertation fast enough to meet Graduate School deadlines. The assistance of Miss Joan Taylor in this endeavor is gratefully acknowledged. But for them this dissertation might have taken longer to complete. Last but by no means least, this writer wishes to thank his wife Hawa immensely for standing by him throughout this long effort. Her presence was a constant reminder that there was an unfinished job on his hands. Hawa's dedication to the family shone through this period. Indeed, as always she was an invaluable source of in­ spiration to this writer. Their daughter Ilariama played no small role either. Once in a while when this writer dozed off, she woke him up and handed him a page from the dissertation with the word "here." vi VITA March 22, 1945 Born - Kailahun, Sierra Leone 1966-1967 Assistant Teacher, Muslim Congress Secondary School, Freetown, Sierra Leone 1972 B.A., Magna cum laude, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland 1973-1975, 1977-1978 Teaching Assistant, Department of Political Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: International Relations Studies in Transnational Relations. Professor Chadwick F. Alger Studies in Regional Integration. Professor Louis McCall Studies in Foreign Policy. Professor Charles Hermann Minor Field: Comparative Politics Studies in Political Development. Professor R. William Liddle vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS............................................... iii VITA .......................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES ............................................... x LIST OF FIGURES..................................................xiii GLOSSARY OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION INITIALS AND FULL N A M E ............ xiv INTRODUCTION ................................................. 1 Chapter I. WEST AFRICA: All OVERVIEW OF REGIONAL INTEGRATION, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, AIR TRANSPORT AND DEPENDENCY SINCE 1945........................................... 11 The West African Integration Movement........... 12 Relations Between Member-States................. 27 Attitudes and Perceptions........................ 29 Independent Integrative Institutions ........... 31 Mutual Responsiveness and the Role of IOs. 33 Summary and Conclusion .......................... 58 II. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE............................ 67 Socio-Economic Development ..................... 67 D e p e ndency....................................... 87 Regional Economic and Political Integration. Ill Air Transport.................................... 146 III. AN AXIOMATIC THEORY OF REGIONAL INTEGRATION .... 170 The Form of Axiomatic Theory ................... 171 The Axiomatic Theory of Regional Integration . 176 viii Page IV. RESEARCH D E S I G N ................................ !85 Unit of A n a l y s i s ............................ 186 Operational Definitions and Data Sources .... 191 Methods of Data Reduction................... .. 219 Techniques of Analysis .......................... 228 Trends in the Variables..................... 245 V. RESEARCH FINDINGS ................................... 264 The West African Case....................... 265 Member-States................................ 285 VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS........................ 309 APPENDICES.................................................... 327 A. Glossary of West African Regional Organizations . 328 B. Glossary of Air Transport Organizations with West African Members........................... 329 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................. 330 ix LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Per Cent Distribution of INGOs by Goal Type........... 39 2. Per Cent of INGOs Working in West Africa, by Goal T y p e .............. 40 3 Intra-Regional (Export) Trade as a Proportion of World Trade............................................. 195 4 Diplomatic Exchange Data ............................... 198 5 Energy Consumption/c, Coal Equivalent, and in Kilos/c.................................................. 200 6 Electricity Consumption/c, in Kilowatt Hours/c (Thousand Million KW Hours)............................ 201 7 Female as Per cent of Total Primary Enrollment .... 202 8 Pupil/Teacher Ratio in Primary Education ........... 203 9 Combined Primary and Secondary Enrollment as Percent of Age Group 5-19.................................. 204 10 Daily Newspaper Circulation per 1,000 Population . 205 11 Radios per 1,000 Population. ...................... 206 12 Agricultural Production per Male Agricultural W o r k e