A PPENDIX 1 V ICEROYS OF P ERU IN THE S IXTEENTH AND S EVENTEENTH C ENTURIES Viceroy (V); Arrived at Paita (P), at Callao (C); Entered under palio (X), without (O) CHARLES V (1516–56; D. 1558) 1534–41 Francisco Pizarro, Marquis, Governor 1541–44 Licentiate Cristóbal Vaca de Castro, Governor 1544–46 Blasco Nuñez de Vela (First V, P, X) 1547–50 Licentiate Pedro de la Gasca, Audiencia President 1550–51 Rule of the Audiencia of Lima 1551–52 Antonio de Mendoza (Second V, P, O) 1552–56 Rule of the Audiencia of Lima PHILIP II (1556–98) 1556–61 Andrés Hurtado de Mendoza, second Marquis of Cañete (Third V, P, X) 1561–64 Diego López de Zuñiga, Count of Nieva (Fourth V, P, X) 1564 Rule of the Audiencia of Lima 1564–69 Licentiate Lópe García Castro, Governor 1569–81 Francisco de Toledo (Fifth V, P, X) 1581–83 Martín Enríquez (Viceroy of New Spain) (Sixth V, C, X) 1583–85 Rule of the Audiencia of Lima 1585–89 Francisco de Torres y Portugal, Count of Villar Don Pardo (Seventh V, P, X) 1589–96 García Hurtado de Mendoza, second Marquis of Cañete (Eighth V, first wife, C, X) 160 Appendix 1 PHILIP III (1598–1621) 1596–1604 Luís de Velasco, Marquis of Salinas (Viceroy of New Spain) (Ninth V, P and C, X) 1604–6 Gaspar de Zúñiga y Acevedo, Count of Monterrey (Viceroy of New Spain) (Tenth V, C, X) 1606–7 Rule of the Audiencia of Lima 1607–15 Juan de Mendoza y Luna, Marquis of Montesclaros (Viceroy of New Spain) (Eleventh V, C, X) 1615–21 Francisco de Borja y Aragón, Prince of Esquilache (Twelfth V, C, X) PHILIP IV (1621–65) 1621–22 Rule of the Audiencia of Lima 1622–29 Diego Fernández de Córdova, Marquis of Guadalcázar (Viceroy of New Spain) (Thirteenth V, P, O) 1629–39 Luís Gerónimo de Cabrera y Bobadilla, Count of Chinchón (Fourteenth V, C, Private Entry Ceremony) 1639–48 Pedro de Toledo y Leyva, Marquis of Mancera (Fifteenth V, C, X) 1648–55 García Sarmiento de Sotomayor, Count of Salvatierra (Viceroy of New Spain) (Sixteenth V, C, X) 1655–61 Luís Henríquez de Guzmán, Count of Alva de Liste (Viceroy of New Spain) (Seventeenth V, C, X) 1661–66 Diego de Benavides y de la Cueva, Count of Santiestevan (Eighteenth V, P, X) CARLOS II (1665–1700) 1666–67 Rule of the Audiencia of Lima 1667–72 Pedro de Castro, Count of Lemos (Nineteenth V, C, X) 1672–74 Rule of the Audiencia of Lima 1674–78 Baltazar de la Cueva Heríquez, Count of Castellar (Twentieth V, C, X) 1678–81 Melchor Liñan y Cisneros, Archbishop (Twenty-First Interim-V) 1681–89 Melchor de Navarra y Rocaful, Duque of la Palata (Twenty- Second V, P and C, X) 1689–1705 Melchor Portocarrero Laso de Vega, Count of la Monclova (Viceroy of New Spain) (Twenty-Third V, C, X) A PPENDIX 2 A RCHBISHOPS OF L IMA IN THE S IXTEENTH AND S EVENTEENTH C ENTURIES 1548–75 Jerónimo de Loaysa (appointed November 24, 1541; died in Lima) 1577 Diego de la Madrid (did not make it to Lima as he was appointed Bishop of Badajoz before embarking to Peru) 1581–1606 Toribio Alfonso Mogrovejo (appointed on June 10, 1579; died in Lima) 1610–22 Bartolomé Lobo Guerrero (appointed October 19, 1607; died in Lima) 1625–26 Gonzalo de Ocampo (appointed February 15, 1624) 1630–38 Hernando Arias de Ugarte (appointed February 18, 1628) 1639 Fernando de Vera (appointed July 8, 1639, but had died on November 1638 while serving as Bishop of Cuzco) 1641–71 Pedro de Villagómez y Vivanco (appointed March 5, 1640) 1674–76 Juan de Almoguera (appointed August 22, 1671; died in Lima) 1677–1708 Melchor de Liñán y Cisneros (appointed December 21, 1676) A PPENDIX 3 AUTOS DE F É C ELEBRATED IN L IMA IN THE S IXTEENTH AND S EVENTEENTH C ENTURIES AUTOS PÚBLICOS STAGED IN THE PLAZA MAYOR November 15, 1573 April 13, 1578 October 29, 1581 November 30, 1587 April 5, 1592 December 17, 1595 December 10, 1600 March 13, 1605 June 1, 1608 December 21, 1625 January 23, 1639 January 23, 1664 AUTOS PARTICULARES CELEBRATED EITHER IN THE SANTO DOMINGO CHURCH OR THE INQUISITION’S CHAPEL June 17, 1612 August 17, 1635 February 27, 1631 November 17, 1641 February 16, 1666 October 8, 1667 March 16, 1693 December 20, 1694 A PPENDIX 4 E ARTHQUAKES IN L IMA IN THE S IXTEENTH AND S EVENTEENTH C ENTURIES 1582 (n.d.) July 8, 1586 October 25, 1606 October 19, 1609 October 1612 August, 10, 1630 September, 1630 November 27, 1630 December 19, 1630 December 1, 1631 December 8, 1631 July 13, 1632 May 3, 1634 December 13, 1655 August 1, 1660 1678 (n.d.) January 20, 1681 April 1, 1687 October 20, 1687 November, 1697 June 12, 1699 Notes Introduction 1. Calvino, Invisible Cities, 44. 2. Kagan, Urban Images, 10; see also MacCormack, On the Wings of Time, 108–26. 3. Pagden, Lords of All the World, 14–28. 4. Ibid., 37–40. 5. Ibid., 18. 6. Montemayor, “Ciudades hispánicas y sus signos,” 289. 7. Maravall, Culture of the Baroque, 104–25. 8. Lechner, “El concepto de ‘policía,’” 395–409; see also Sánchez-Concha, “De la miserable condición de los Indios,” 95–104. 9. Pagden, Lords of All the World, 36–37. 10. Riddle, Contraception and Abortion; MacLaren, A History of Contraception. 11. Kamen, Empire, 197–237. 12. Ibid., 3–149. 13. The Relazioni was first published in Rome in 1591–93 in three parts. A second edition in four parts was published in Rome in 1595, and an expanded edition in four parts was published in 1596 in Venice. They appeared in Spanish in 1599. The copy I consulted at the John Carter Brown Library (JCBL) is a copy from 1748 of a translation first published in Barcelona in 1603. See Botero, Descripcion de todas las provincias. 14. See MacCormack, On the Wings of Time, ch. 4. 15. Calvo, “‘Le blanc manteau,’” 19. 16. Botero, The Greatness, bk. I, 4, 5: 230–31. 17. Ibid., bk. I, 6: 232. 18. Ibid., bk. I, 6, 232–33. 19. Ibid., bk. I, 6: 232–33 and 7: 233. 20. Ibid., bk. I, 8: 234–35. 21. Ibid. 22. Ibid., bk. I, 9: 236. 23. The verb conduco in Latin means to “bring together” (duco means “lead”) in the sense of “assemble” or “collect.” It can be used about people—to collect or assemble an army, for instance—and about things—to collect things together in one place. That meaning is sometimes more intense, with the idea of bringing things or people together and uniting them. In Botero’s sense, a city should be a hub or magnet for all sorts of different things, and in a physical setting that makes transportation, exchange, and production easy. This ties in with a second meaning of conductus (the perfect passive participle of conduco)—it can mean something that makes a contribution to something by being useful, something that is useful/profitable/serviceable, which could be emphasizing the point that 166 Notes the city brings things and peoples together for a productive purpose. I wish to thank Ray Starr for this explanation. 24. Ibid., bk. I, 10: 236–37. 25. Ibid., bk. II, 1: 245–46. 26. Ibid., bk. II, 3: 247. 27. Ibid., bk. II, 5: 253–54. 28. Ibid. 29. Ibid., bk. II, 7: 254 and 8: 255, 256. 30. Ibid., bk. II, 9: 258, 259. 31. Accordingly, Botero devotes the last book (III) of his work to the issue of a great city’s population. 32. Botero, The Greatness, bk. III, 3: 280. 33. Ibid., bk. II, 9: 258–59. 34. Ibid., bk. II, 10: 260. 35. Ibid., bk. II, 10: 260. 36. Ibid., 269–70. 37. Ibid., 273. 38. Flor, Barroco, 146. 39. Brading, The First America, 314. 40. Pedro de Oña was a Creole born in Angol in southern Chile circa 1570. The Arauco Domado is considered to be his greatest work. 41. All translations are the author’s, unless otherwise noted. “Ya salen de las tiendas los brocados, / Y sedas mil, distintas en colores, / Ya sacan vistosissimas labores, / vestidos, y jaezes recamados . / Ya Lima con soberbia, fausto, y pompa / Se hincha, se levanta, se engrandece,” Oña, Primera Parte de Arauco Domado, Canto Primero, ff, 9v–12v. 42. Diego de Ocaña arrived in Lima from Spain in 1599 and lived there for a year before traveling to the kingdom of Chile in 1600. He returned to Lima in 1603 and stayed until 1605 and then sailed to New Spain where he died in 1608. He was in the Americas to establish the devotion of the Virgin of Guadalupe; Un viaje fascinante, Intro. and 87. 43. Ocaña, Un viaje fascinante, 87, 96. 44. The Franciscan Francisco Solano, was born in Montilla, Spain, and came to Peru in 1589. He was beatified by Pope Clement X in 1675, and canonized by Benedict XIII in 1726. Fray Buenaventura early in his life was part of Lima’s palace culture initially as a page of viceroys and later as the highest secretary of the governorship (secretario mayor de la gobernación) in charge of organizing the viceregal archive. He was educated by Jesuits. At age twenty-four, he left the viceregal court to profess as a Franciscan in which order he became an esteemed scholar and preacher. Fray Buenaventura was an ardent critic of the exploitation of the Indians (committed both by clerics and corregidores, in his view), and he also found fault in the monarchy that, he said, took much more from the Indians than it gave them.