Parsons Brinckerhoff 2010 William Barclay Parsons Fellowship Monograph 26 Pioneering the Application of High Speed Rail Express Trainsets in the United States Fellow: Francis P. Banko Professional Associate Principal Project Manager Lead Investigator: Jackson H. Xue Rail Vehicle Engineer December 2012 136763_Cover.indd 1 3/22/13 7:38 AM 136763_Cover.indd 1 3/22/13 7:38 AM Parsons Brinckerhoff 2010 William Barclay Parsons Fellowship Monograph 26 Pioneering the Application of High Speed Rail Express Trainsets in the United States Fellow: Francis P. Banko Professional Associate Principal Project Manager Lead Investigator: Jackson H. Xue Rail Vehicle Engineer December 2012 First Printing 2013 Copyright © 2013, Parsons Brinckerhoff Group Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, mechanical (including photocopying), recording, taping, or information or retrieval systems—without permission of the pub- lisher. 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One Penn Plaza New York, New York 10119 Graphics Database: V212 CONTENTS FOREWORD XV PREFACE XVII PART 1: INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE RESEARCH 3 1.1 Unprecedented Support for High Speed Rail in the U.S. ....................3 1.2 Pioneering the Application of High Speed Rail Express Trainsets in the U.S. .....4 1.3 Research Objectives . 6 1.4 William Barclay Parsons Fellowship Participants ...........................6 1.5 Host Manufacturers and Operators......................................7 1.6 A Snapshot in Time .................................................10 CHAPTER 2 HOST MANUFACTURERS AND OPERATORS, THEIR PRODUCTS AND SERVICES 11 2.1 Overview . 11 2.2 Introduction to Host HSR Manufacturers . 11 2.3 Introduction to Host HSR Operators and Regulatory Agencies . 16 2.4 Existing/Emerging HSR Trainset Platforms. 25 2.5 Emerging HSR System Developments: 218 mph (350 km/h) Target Operational Speed . 40 2.6 Bi-Level Platform Development for HSR Greater than 218 mph (350 km/h) . 41 2.7 Production Facilities and Manufacturing Capacity. 42 PART 2: TRAINSETS 47 CHAPTER 3 CRASH ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND STRENGTH OF VEHICLES 49 3.1 FRA's Developing Requirements for HSR Crash Energy Management and Strength of Vehicles . 49 3.2 Crash Energy Management . 50 i 3.3 Passive Safety . 58 3.4 Vehicle Structural Strength . 62 3.5 Attachments and Fittings. 71 CHAPTER 4 EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS (SYSTEM PROTECTION) 75 4.1 Fire Safety . 75 4.2 U.S. and International Fire Safety Standards . 80 4.3 Side-Facing Emergency Windows . 82 4.4 Driver’s Cab Windows . 86 4.5 Emergency Side Door Releases . 86 4.6 Back-Up Power/Emergency Lighting . 87 4.7 Emergency Preparedness Plans and Procedures . 89 CHAPTER 5 ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AND THEIR IMPACTS ON TRAINSETS AND INFRASTRUCTURE 91 5.1 Weather-Related Ballast Pickup . 91 5.2 Temperature Ranges and Cooling Air . 93 5.3 Aerodynamics and Running Resistance . 94 5.4 Aerodynamic Loads on Track Workers. 96 5.5 Aerodynamic Impacts of Trainsets Approaching Platforms . 98 5.6 Pressure Loads in Open Air . 98 5.7 Crosswind . 100 5.8 Exterior Noise. .102 5.9 Interior Noise . 106 5.10 Trainset Sealing . 108 5.11 Air Conditioning . .109 CHAPTER 6 TRACTION AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS 113 6.1 Traction System Overviews. .113 6.2 Traction Wheel/Rail Adhesion Requirements. .119 6.3 Exterior Electromagnetic Interference . .119 ii CHAPTER 7 BRAKE SYSTEMS 121 7.1 Operational Features of High Speed Trainset Brake Systems . .121 7.2 Failsafe Attributes of Electrodynamic Brakes . .124 7.3 Friction Brake System Duty Cycle . .124 7.4 Electromagnetic Rail Brake, and Eddy Current Track and Axle-Mounted Brake Systems. .125 7.5 Safe Braking Distances . .128 7.6 Passenger Alarm/Emergency Braking . .130 7.7 Brake System Response Time . 131 7.8 Runaway Acceleration during Braking . .131 7.9 Brake System Redundant Characteristics . .132 7.10 Reduced Wheel Adhesion . .132 7.11 Wheel Slide Protection and Wheel Rotation Monitoring Systems . .133 7.12 Brake Pipe Installations and Train Rescue . 134 7.13 Remote Monitoring of Brake Application Force. .134 7.14 FRA/ASME Requirements Relative to Brake Reservoirs . .135 7.15 Parking Brake/Hand Brake System . .135 CHAPTER 8 BOGIES AND TILTING SYSTEMS 137 8.1 Articulated Trainset Architecture . 137 8.2 Bogie Design . .140 8.3 Tilting Systems . 142 CHAPTER 9 TRAIN CONTROL AND SIGNALING SYSTEMS 143 9.1 Train-to-Wayside Communication Systems ..............................143 9.2 ATC Interface with Braking and Propulsion Systems ......................155 9.3 ATC Interaction with Driver's Vigilance (Deadman) Device ..................157 9.4 Design Headway for the ATC System and Minimum Headway Parameters .....158 9.5 Operation of Trainset after Isolation of ATC ..............................158 9.6 ATC Normal/Degraded/Bypass Operating Modes .........................159 9.7 ATC Interface with Onboard Systems . .160 9.8 Automatic Train Operation ...........................................161 9.9 Other Aspects of Train Control and Signaling Systems .....................162 iii CHAPTER 10 END-FACING, SIDE-FACING, AND INTERIOR GLAZINGS 167 10.1 End-Facing Glazings . 167 10.2 Side-Facing Glazings . .170 10.3 Interior Glazings . 175 CHAPTER 11 EXTERIOR DOORS 177 11.1 Door Design and Control Systems . 177 11.2 Detection of Obstructions when Closing . 179 11.3 Opening the Doors . 179 CHAPTER 12 EXTERIOR LIGHTING 181 12.1 Head Lights . 181 12.2 Auxiliary Lights . 182 12.3 Marker Lights (Tail Lamps) . .183 12.4 Side Door Threshold Lights . .183 CHAPTER 13 PASSENGER INFORMATION, COMMUNICATIONS, AND SERVICE SYSTEMS 185 13.1 Passenger Information Displays . 185 13.2 Communication Systems . 186 13.3 Onboard Passenger Service Systems (Internet, Ticketing, Vending, Entertainment) . 187 CHAPTER 14 ACCESSIBILITY AND INTERIOR TRAINSET DESIGN 191 14.1 Level Boarding Requirements . 191 14.2 Wheelchair Mobility and Accessibility . 192 14.3 Toilet Rooms . .196 14.4 Water Supply . 197 14.5 Interior Furnishings . 198 14.6 Interior Lighting . 202 iv PART 3: HSR INFRASTRUCTURE 203 CHAPTER 15 INFRASTRUCTURE INTERFACES AND VEHICLE/ TRACK INTERACTION 205 15.1 Maximum Gradients of Alignment . 205 15.2 Minimum Curve Radius for Mainline, Stations, and Overnight Storage Tracks . 206 15.3 Widening of the Track Gauge . 209 15.4 Wheel/Rail Profile . .209 15.5 Kinematic Gauge . 211 15.6 Static Axle Load. .212 15.7 Axle Bearing Health Monitoring. .213 15.8 Derailment Detection/Mitigation. .214 15.9 Uncontrolled Lateral Motion. .216 15.10 Vehicle and Track Interaction (VTI) . 217 15.11 Friction Modifiers/Flange Lubrication . .224 CHAPTER 16 OVERHEAD CONTACT SYSTEMS 225 16.1 Pantographs Power Collection Overview . .225 16.2 Pantograph Operating Range . 228 16.3 Pantograph Collector Head Configuration . 229 16.4 Minimum/Maximum OCS Voltage . 230 16.5 Neutral Sections (Phase Breaks) . .231 CHAPTER 17 BRIDGES AND TUNNELS 233 17.1 Dynamic Effects on HSR Bridges. .233 17.2 Tunnel Cross-Sections, Blockage Ratios, and Pressure Waves . 235 CHAPTER 18 HIGH SPEED RAIL CORRIDORS AND WAYSIDE PROTECTION 239 18.1 Dedicated vs. Shared Track . .239 18.2 High Speed Rail Installation . 239 18.3 Wayside Protection Devices . 241 v PART 4: MAINTENANCE AND OPERATIONS 243 CHAPTER 19 TRAINSET INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE 245 19.1 Inspection and Maintenance Overview 245 19.2 Maintenance Costs per Mile . 254 19.3 Effect of Slab or Ballasted Track on Rolling Stock Maintenance Costs . 256 19.4 Reliability, Availability, and Service Duty of Trainsets 257 19.5 Life Cycle of the Vehicle Structure . 261 19.6 Frequencies of Inspection, Maintenance, and Light and Heavy Overhauls . 261 19.7 Trainset Reliability as a Function of Operator Entity . 271 CHAPTER 20 OPERATIONS 273 20.1 Enforcement of Speed Restrictions . 273 20.2 End Couplers/Decoupling Procedure 275 20.3 Speeds at Which Rescued Trains Travel 276 20.4 Train Turnaround Time . 276 20.5 Drivers and Train Crews 277 CHAPTER 21 INTERNATIONAL HOSTS' PERSPECTIVES ON HSR SAFETY 285 21.1 Overview of HSR Safety and Experiences . 285 21.2 TSI Development 294 21.3 Planned Trainset Safety Enhancements . 295 21.4 Operators’ Perspectives of Aspects Critical to the Success of HSR Projects in the U.S. 295 AFTERWORD 299 Lessons Learned . 299 Afterthoughts and Acknowledgements . 301 GLOSSARY . 305 vi REFERENCES 321 APPENDICES 327 Appendix A Trip Logs ....................................................327 Appendix B Meeting Agenda ..............................................335 vii LIST OF FIGURES Chapter 1 1.1 Ten Potential High Speed Rail Corridors . 3 1.2 Alstom's AGV as Delivered to NTV. 7 1.3 CSR's CRH380A . 8 1.4 Hyundai Rotem's KTX-II and HEMU-400X . 8 1.5 Shinkansen N700 Series and E5 Series . ..