the new mexico botanist Special Issue Number 3 October 2012 proceedings of the third Natural History of the Gila Symposium October 14–16, 2010 Western New Mexico University Silver City, New Mexico edited by William Norris Department of Natural Sciences, Western New Mexico University Richard Felger University of Arizona Herbarium and Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona 2012 Proceedings of the Third Natural History of the Gila Symposium, October 2010 / The New Mexico Botanist, Special Issue No. 3, October 2012 Contents Introduction .................................................................................................. 1 Some Things Going On in the Gila National Forest That You May Find Interesting Richard Markley .............................................................................................. 2 For Birds: Dale and Marian Zimmerman Gene Jercinovic ............................................................................................... 6 Visions of Dulcinea Mike Fugagli .................................................................................................15 Box Canyon Road Sharman Apt Russell ........................................................................................17 Exploring the Late Prehistoric Occupation of the Upper Gila Region Through Preservation Archaeology Katherine Dungan, Deborah Huntley, Jeffery Clark, Robert Jones, and Andrew Laurenzi ..............20 Review of Tachinid Fly Diversity in the Gila National Forest, New Mexico James E. O’Hara .............................................................................................32 Overview of the Geomorphology of the Upper Gila River Basin, NM Rebecca M. Summer ........................................................................................42 Abstracts .....................................................................................................60 Land-Use Change in the Greater Gila Ecosystem / Josh Baldwin 60 Values of Fire for Resource Benefi t and the Effects on State and Private Lands in the Gila Sub-Region / Doug Boykin 60 Restoration of the Upper West Fork Gila / Jim Brooks 60 Let the Water Do the Work: Induced Meandering—An Evolving Method for Restoring Incised Channels / Van Clothier 61 Habitat Restoration in the San Simon Valley, AZ: Implications for Avian Species / Jony Cockman 61 Restoration at The Nature Conservancy’s Gila Riparian Preserve / Martha S. Cooper 61 An Introduction to the Geology of the Gila River Basin in New Mexico / Mary E. Dowse 62 The Night Sky of Southwest New Mexico / Gary Emerson 62 Stream Restoration: The Health of the Planet Is Not an Individual Matter / George Farmer 62 Food Plants of the Gila Region, New Mexico / Richard Stephen Felger and Kelly Kindscher 63 SEINet: A Specimen-Based Online Species Identifi cation Tool / Edward Gilbert 63 Fire Effects and the Use of Prescribed Fire on the Magdalena Ranger District, Cibola National Forest / Dave Heft 63 Fire Management on the Gila National Forest / Gabe Holguin 63 iv The New Mexico Botanist, Special Issue No. 3, October 2012 Pre- and Post-Monsoonal Habitat Use of the Narrow-Headed Gartersnake, Thamnophis rufi punctatus, along the Gila River / Randy D. Jennings and Bruce L. Christman 64 Flora of the Florida Mountains / Gene Jercinovic 64 Medicinal Plants of the Gila Region, New Mexico / Kelly Kindscher and Richard Stephen Felger 64 Ferns of the Gila National Forest / Dr. Russell Kleinman 65 Cienega de San Vicente Wetland Project: Baseline Condition Report / David Menzie 65 Fish Assemblage Dynamics as a Function of Life History Strategies of Native Fishes, Nonnative Predators, and Climatic Variability / David L. Propst, Jerome A. Stefferud, and Keith B. Gido 65 Stream Restoration at Black Canyon Creek, Gila National Forest / Matthew Schultz 66 A Current Look at Willow Flycatcher Populations along the Gila River in Southwestern New Mexico / Roland S. Shook 66 Rare Plants in the Mogollon Floristic Region of New Mexico / Robert Sivinski 66 Water Use and Establishment Patterns of Drought-Tolerant One-Seed Juniper in Riparian Areas of the Gila and Mimbres Rivers / Dr. Kathy Whiteman 67 Relationships among Energy Availability, Trophic Level Abundance, and Food Chain Length in the Upper Gila River Basin, NM, USA / James E. Whitney and Keith B. Gido 67 Hawk Moths of the Gila: An Overview of the Family Sphingidae in the Gila Region of Southwestern New Mexico / Dale A. Zimmerman 68 Proceedings of the Third Natural History of the Gila Symposium, October 2010 / The New Mexico Botanist, Special Issue No. 3, October 2012 Introduction Aldo Leopold’s vision gave us the Gila Wilderness in 1924— the wheel of biodiversity that makes up our natural world. As the world’s fi rst dedicated wilderness area and a forerunner with so many plants and animals in the Gila Region, O’Hara of the global conservation movement of half a century later. reminds us that new discoveries, new species, are yet to be Issues facing the nascent conservation movement of 1924 are found here. still with us, and greatly increased environmental, population, Native fi shes are certainly among the most obvious and conservation, and scientifi c concerns, locally and globally, imperiled major life forms in the Gila Region. David Propst bring new challenges. The Third Natural History of the Gila and others provided increased research-based knowledge of Symposium, held on the campus of Western New Mexico direct importance for management, emphasizing the fragile University in mid-October 2010, focused on these fascinat- waterways and impacts of non-native species. Keeping the ing and critical issues, invoking science, education, manage- Gila River, one of the last free-fl owing rivers in the South- ment, and aesthetic and lifestyle impacts on this great natural west, dam free was voiced as an ongoing major conservation resource. A tradition has been set that this and future Gila and cultural concern. Although present-day climate change Natural History Symposia are open to all without charge. and ever-increasing human population are unprecedented In the earliest days of conservation it was almost enough in recent history, the local archaeological record shows that to “just leave it alone” but that idyllic situation is no longer human-induced environmental change, sometimes quite feasible. Active management, restoration, and political ac- devastating, occurred in prehistoric times. tion—our stewardship—are required if future generations, Our symposium presented details of powerful, open-access human and non-human, are to inherit the Gila forests even databases such as SEINet and gilafl ora.com; these provide close to what we enjoy nowadays. It is worth realizing and unfettered access to thousands upon thousands of specimen appreciating that the forest and wildlands of the Gila Region records of regional plants and some animals. For example, in in southwest New Mexico are unlike anywhere else in the SEINet we can access regional specimens such as the hun- world. There are indeed few places elsewhere supporting dreds of herbarium collections by E. O. (Elmer Otis) Wooton such an expansive natural region that is so accessible. from 1892 to 1906. Or we can view intricate details of more Our symposium brings scientists, natural resource manag- than a thousand species of vascular plants at gilafl ora.com, ers, and the general public together for interchange of re- shown in more than 14,000 images. These exceedingly useful search and ideas encompassing geology, management, botany, resources were not available only a few years ago and are all zoology, archaeology, ethnobotany, hydrology, education, open access. howling wolves, and more. Forces local and global shape our It was our pleasure to honor Marian and Dale Zimmerman forests as we witness impacts of climate change and devastat- with the symposium’s award for recognition of their more ing wildfi res consuming far more forest than desired. To know than a half century of immense contributions to research, the forest, the land, the waters, the rocks, and creatures large education, and conservation. Gene Jercinovic’s biography and small, and our own impacts, gives us tools to maintain a vividly brings forth two giants. An evening gathering at the great and vital natural heritage. Knowledge based on scientifi c Buckhorn Saloon in Pinos Altos and diverse fi eld trips further research is the necessary base for meaningful management fueled friendships and interest in the Gila Region. and conservation. We are indebted to Dr. Kelly Allred (emeritus professor, More than one presenter at this symposium reminded us New Mexico State University), editor of the New Mexico that human population and human actions are the most likely Botanist, for facilitating publication of these proceedings as cause of higher threatened and endangered species rates. As a special edition of this journal. We also owe a special debt dire as some of our predictions may be for the future of our to Sarah Johnson, who spent many hours copyediting and natural heritage, we also have powerful tools heretofore not formatting these proceedings. We also thank T&E, Inc., for available. And of course we cannot know the future, although funding that supported publication of these proceedings. predictions based on the best available scientifi c data are We hope that you also enjoy the Fourth Natural History of valuable and necessary. the Gila Symposium October 24–27, 2012. A great resource Van Cothier reminded us in his presentation