U. S. Department of Justice National Institute of Justice Sourcebook in Forensic Serology, Immunology, and Biochemistry Unit M:Banslations of Selected Contributions to the Original Literature of Medicolegal Examinations of Blood and Body Fluids - a publication of the National Institute of Justice About the National Institute of Justice The National lnstitute of Justice is a research branch of the U.S. Department of Justice. The Institute's mission is to develop knowledge about crime. its causes and control. Priority is given to policy-relevant research that can yield approaches and information State and local agencies can use in preventing and reducing crime. Established in 1979 by the Justice System Improvement Act. NIJ builds upon the foundation laid by the former National lnstitute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice. the first major Federal research program on crime and justice. Carrying out the mandate assigned by Congress. the National lnstitute of Justice: Sponsors research and development to improve and strengthen the criminal justice system and related civil justice aspects, with a balanced program of basic and applied research. Evaluates the effectiveness of federally funded justice improvement programs and identifies programs that promise to be successful if continued or repeated. Tests and demonstrates new and improved approaches to strengthen the justice system, and recommends actions that can be taken by Federal. State. and local governments and private organbations and individuals to achieve this goal. Disseminates information from research. demonstrations, evaluations. and special prograrris to Federal. State. and local governments: and serves as an international clearinghouse of justice information. Trains criminal justice practitioners in research and evaluation findings. and assists the research commun- ity through fellowships and special seminars. Authorit) for administering the lnstitute and awarding grants. contracts. and cooperative agreements is \ested in the NlJ Director. An Advisory Board. appointed by the President. assists the Director by recom- mend~ngpolicies and priorities and advising on peer review procedures. Reports of NIJ-sponsored studies are reviewed hy lnstitute officials and staff. The views of outside experts knowledgeable in the report's subject area are also obtained. Publication indicates that the report meets the Institute's standards of technical quality, but it signifies no endorsement of conclusions or recommendations. James K. Stewart Direc.ror U.S. Department of Justice National Institute of Justice Sourcebook in Forensic Serology, Immunology, and Biochemistry Unit IX: Banslations of Selected Contributions to the Original Literature of Medicolegal Examinations of Blood and Body Fluids compiled and edited b~ R.E. Gaensslen, Ph.D. Professor of Forensic Science University of New Haven West Haven, Connecticut with aforeword by Frank R. Camp, Jr. Colonel, USA (Ret.) Scientific DirectorlDirecror American Red Cross Blood Services Louisville Region Louisville, Kentucky August 1983 This project was supported by Grant Numbers 76-NI-99-0107 and 78-N1-AX-0001, awarded to R.E. Gaensslen, Ph.D., by the National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice, under the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, as amended. Points of view or opinions stated in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. The mention of materials or processes by generic name, trade name, or brand name in the text is for purposes of information only, and does not constitute an endorsement or recommendation by the U.S. Department of Justice, the National Institute of Justice, or the author. The author reserves the right to reproduce, publish, translate, or otherwise use and to authorize others to publish and use all or any part of the copyrighted material contained in this publication. Copyright @ 1983 by the Research Foundation of the City University of New York on behalf of R. E. Gaensslen. On Semen and Seminal Stains in Legal Medicine. A. Florence (1895-1896). ...........................................104 A New Micro-chemical Reaction of the Sperma and its Application in Medico-legal Investigations. M. Barberio (1905). .......................126 On Forensic Identification of Semen and Semen Stains. Frank Lundquist (1945). ............................................I30 SECTION 3. DETERMINATION OF SPECIES OF ORIGIN 133 Memoir on the Existence of a Principle Peculiar to Blood to Characterize the Blood of Man and of Various Animal Species. J.P.Barruel(1829) ...............................................135. A New Way of Distinguishing Human Blood from that of Other Mammals. Casanti (1848). ...................................................138. On the Forensic Investigation of Dried Bloodstains. Rudolf Virchow ( 1857) .............................................139 Medico-legal Examination of Blood Stains. Z. Roussin (1865) ................I41 The Source of Blood in Legal Medicine. Charles Masson (1885) ..............I47 On the Possibility of Distinguishing Human Blood from that of Mammals. (Medico-legal Study) Ch. Vibert (1882) .....................159 A Simple Method for the Forensic Differentiation of Human and Mammalian Blood. H. Marx and E. Ehrnrooth (1904). ..................163 A New Contribution to the Specific Identification of Egg Protein Using the Biological Method. Paul Uhlenhuth (1900) .........................I67 A Method for the Differentiation of Various Specific Blood Types, in particular for the Differential Diagnosis of Human Blood. Paul Uhlenhuth (1901) ............................................170. Additional Reports on My Method for the Identification of Human Blood. Paul Uhlenhuth (1901) ............................................172. Additional Reports on the Practical Application of My Forensic Method for the Identification of Human and Animal Blood. Paul Uhlenhuth (1901) ............................................174. Concerning My New Forensic Method to Identify Human Blood. Paul Uhlenhuth (1901) ............................................177. Concerning the Development of the Biological Method of Protein Differentiation in the Service of Legal Medicine with Special Consideration of Our Own Research Results. (Personal Recollections). PaulUhlenhuth(1949) ............................................179. Concerning a New Forensic Method to Differentiate Human from Animal Blood. A. Wassermann and A. Schiitze (1901) ..................I95 A Process for the Forensic Identification of the Origin of Blood (Fixation of Hemolytic Complement). M. Neisser and H. Sachs (1905) .....................................198 The Forensic Differentiation of Blood Using the Antihemolytic Effect (Second Communication) M. Neisser and H. Sachs (1906). ..............201 SECTION 4. BLOOD GROUPING-MEDICO-LEGAL APPLICATIONS 205 On the Practical Application of the Test for Agglutination for the Specific and Individual Diagnosis of Human Blood. Leone Lattes (191 3). ...............................................207 Two Practical Cases of Individual Diagnosis of Human Blood. Leone Lattes(l916) ................................................213 On the Technique of the Isoagglutination Test for the Individual Diagnosis of Blood. Leone Lattes (19 16) .......................................218 Practical Experience in Blood Group Determination in Stains. Leone Lattes (1 927). ...............................................222 The Isoagglutinable Substance of Blood and its Demonstration for the Individual Diagnosis of Stains. Vittorio Siracusa (1 923) ..............227 A Simple Procedure for the Determination of Groups in Dried Blood by Agglutinin Binding. Franz Josef Holzer (193 1) .........................237 Investigations on the Medico-legal Usefulness of the Secretion of Blood Group Substances. Franz Josef Holzer (1937) ....................244 The Current Status of Blood Group Serology and its Forensic Meaning. Franz Josef Holzer (1953). .........................................251. iii FOREWORD Translations of Selected Contributions to the original Literature of Medico- legal Examinations of Blood and Body Fluids is Unit IX of a larger work with the title, Sourcebook in Forensic Serology, Immunology and Biochemistry. Unit IX contains 50 translated papers arranged in four sections. Section I, on Identification of Blood, consists of 16 papers beginning with the early work of Orfila, using chemical means to identify blood, and differentiating rust, blood stains and stains from lemon juice on iron in resolving the medical-legal matter of wounds. The microscope was found useful by Mandl, Robin and Salmon identifying the formed elements, red cells with and without a nucleus (human and certain species of animal blood) and differentiating menstrual blood from blood drawn from a vessel by noting the mixture of blood cells with epithelial cells and leukocytes. In 1853, Teichman described hemin crystals, a crystalline chloride of heme, which he obtained from human blood and blood of the dog, rabbit, steer and other animals. Hoppe's 1862 paper gives the early report on the behavior of hemoglobin in the spectrum of sunlight. In 1912, Takayama reported and expanded on the medicolegal applications of hemochromogen crystals; Donogany described the production of hemochromogen crystals in 1893. In 1862, van Deen described the guaiacum test for detection of blood which was replaced with the more sensitive benzidine