Science & Technology www.laex.in Page No. 1 https://elearn.laex.in Science & Technology Ready Reckoner RRP 2020 www.laex.in https://elearn.laex.in Science & Technology Ready Reckoner RRP 2020 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY INDEX Page No. Sl.No. Topic From To 01. Biotechnology 1 21 02. Vaccines and Diseases 23 34 03. Space Technology 34 65 04. Defense Technology 65 78 05. Emerging Technologies in ICT 78 110 06. Energy Issues in News 112 118 07. Intellectual Property Rights 118 125 08. Advancement in Fundamental Physics 126 134 09. Technologies And Innovations In Day To Day Life 135 145 www.laexias.com https://elearn.laex.in Science & Technology Ready Reckoner RRP 2020 1. Biotechnology Cell Organelles and Functions Cell Oganelle Organelle Functions Introduction to Biotechnology Nucleus Cpmtaoms DNA Nucleolus Makes ribosomes Made up of two words: ‘bio’ and ‘technology’. Mitochondria Releases Energy ‘Bio’ means life and ‘technology’ means Converts sunlight into Chloroplast application or harnessing of science for a sugar specific purpose. Ribosomes Makes protein Therefore, the term ‘biotechnology’ refers to Endoplasmic Carries proteins in Reticulum passage ways modification or use of any living organism for Packages and ships Golgi Bodies any useful purpose. protein The term was coined by KárolyEreky in 1919 Lysosomes Breaks stuff down Protects and supports the Cell Wall Basics: cell Cell Controls what Cell membrane Cells are the basic building blocks of living enters/exists the cell Vacuole Storage things. Fluid that holds Cytoplasm The human body is composed of trillions of organelles cells, all with their own specialised function. Flagella Movement Cells group together to form tissues, which in Pili Attach to other cells Protects bacteria and turn group together to form organs, such as Capsule causes disease the heart and brain. DNA Genetic Meterial The nucleus is based at the centre of the cell and is the ‘control room’ for the cell. Chromosomes: Inside the nucleus we have chromosome. Fig: Genes within the cells Chromosomes are bundles of tightly coiled DNA located within the nucleus of almost every cell in our body. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 in total): one set comes from your mother and one set comes from your father. Fig: Basic Organelles of the cell 22 non-sex chromosomes and 1 pair of sex Functions of Cell Organelles: chromosomes. www.laexias.com https://elearn.laex.in Page No. 1 Science & Technology Ready Reckoner RRP 2020 When the number of chromosomes is more or . less or the chromosomes get damaged Composi Deoxyribose Ribose sugar tion of sugar phosphate chromosomal aberrations occur. Bases phosphate backbone Some of the diseases due to chromosomal and backbone adenine, guanine, diseases are: Sugars adenine, cytosine, uracil . Down’s Syndrome guanine, bases . Patau Syndrome cytosine, thymine bases . Klinefelter’s Syndrome Propagat DNA is self- RNA is synthesized . Edward Syndrome, etc ion replicating. from DNA on an as- Differences: DNA and RNA needed basis. Base AT (adenine- AU (adenine-uracil) Compari DNA RNA Pairing thymine) GC (guanine- son GC (guanine- cytosine). Full Deoxyribonucl Ribonucleic Acid cytosine) Form eic Acid Function Long-term Used to transfer storage of the genetic code genetic from the information nucleus to the ; ribosomes to Transmissi make proteins. on of RNA is used to genetic transmit genetic information information in to make some other cells organisms. and new It may have organisms. been the molecule used to store genetic blueprints in primitive organisms. Structur B-form A-form helix. a double RNA usually is a Features helix. single-strand DNA is a helix consisting double- of shorter stranded chains of molecule nucleotides. consisting of a long chain of nucleotides Fig: DNA Structure www.laexias.com https://elearn.laex.in Page No. 2 Science & Technology Ready Reckoner RRP 2020 Genome A genome is an organism’s complete set of genes. Each genome contains all of the information needed to build that organism and allow it to grow and develop. Genome Sequencing means each gene in the genome is mapped to a particular function. Human Genome Project: The first whole genome to be sequenced was of the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae. The worm Caenorhabditis elegans was the first Gene: animal to have its whole genome sequenced. Genes are small sections of DNA within the The project to sequence whole genome of genome that code for proteins. humans stared in 1985. They contain the instructions for our individual characteristics – like eye and hair colour. The purpose of genes is to store information. The genes that an organism carries for a particular trait is its genotype and the physical manifestation of the instructions are the organism’s phenotype. Gene expression It is the process by which the instructions in our DNA are converted into a functional Fig: Evolution - Human Genome Project product, such as a protein. Gene expression has two key stages - transcription and translation. Fig: Transcription and Reverse Transcription www.laexias.com https://elearn.laex.in Page No. 3 Science & Technology Ready Reckoner RRP 2020 In transcription, the information in the DNA Genome editing is a way of making specific of every cell is converted into small, portable changes to the DNA of a cell or organism. RNA messages (m-RNA). Genome editing can be used to add, remove, During translation, these messages travel or alter DNA in the genome. from where the DNA is in the cell nucleus to An enzyme cuts the DNA at a specific the ribosomes. In Ribosomes the RNA is ‘read’ sequence, and when this is repaired by the to make specific proteins. These proteins cell a change or ‘edit’ is made to the sequence. perform the required function in the body. Basicson Genetic Engineering DNA Replication: DNA replication is the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself during cell division. It means one DNA translates itself into two. Enzyme helicase helps in the process of separating two DNA strands. A short piece of RNA called a primer acts as the starting point for DNA synthesis. Fig: Basics on Genetic Engineering Sl. Keyword Meaning and Purpose No. Restriction Enzyme that cuts the 1 Enzymes DNA Enzyme that catalyses 2 Ligase joining of two molecules in DNA Vehicle to carry foreign 3 Vector genetic material (of Fig: DNA Replication others) into another cell. Genetic Engineering Are type of vector used to It is the direct manipulation of DNA (genotype) 4 Plasmids introduce foreign DNA to alter an organism’s characteristics into Bacteria (phenotype) in a particular way. Probe is a sample DNA It is also called as genetic modification. 5 Probe piece to compare the This means changing one base pair (A-T or C- gene in the DNA. G), deleting a whole region of DNA, or introducing an additional copy of a gene. CRISPR-Cas9 It can be applied to any organism, from a CRISPR- Clustered Regularly Interspaced virus to a sheep. Short Palindromic Repeats Genome Editing CRISPR-Cas9 is a genome editing tool. www.laexias.com https://elearn.laex.in Page No. 4 Science & Technology Ready Reckoner RRP 2020 CRISPR-Cas9 is a unique technology that enables geneticists and medical researchers to edit parts of the genome by removing, adding or altering sections of the DNA sequence. It is faster, cheaper and more accurate than previous techniques of editing DNA. It has a wide range of potential applications. CRISPR uses an enzyme called Cas9 to cut strands of DNA at precisely targeted locations and insert new genetic material into the gap. Applications of Biotechnology- Heal the world, fuel the world and feed the world Sl. Area Applications No. a) Stem cell technology- Organ replacement b) Vaccines- Hepatitis B c) Drugs- Anti-biotics d) Vitamins Fig: Working of CRISPR Cas9 tool e) Enzymes-Insulin 1STGene-Edited Babies: Lulu And Production Nana f) Gene Therapy In 2018 a Chinese doctor for the 1st g) Diagnostics methods- 1 Health time performed gene editing on the PCR, RT-PCR, etc embryonic stem cell using CrispR h) Artificial Reproduction technique. Technologies- 3-Parent The CRISPR technique was used to Baby, Surrogacy modify the CCR5 gene on the embryonic i) Designer Babies cells of the couples to make them j) DNA Fingerprinting resistant to the HIV virus. k) Pharmacogenomics, DNA One of the couples subsequently gave Finger printing- birth to twins – Lulu and Nana. Forensics Applications of Bio Technology / Genetic Agricu a) GM Crops- Bt Cotton, Engineering: lture GM Mustard, etc Biotechnology has wider applications in range and b) Transgenic Animals 2 of fields including energy, agriculture, Anima c) Tissue Culture industry etc. l d) Bio-Pesticides Husba e) Bio-Fertilisers www.laexias.com https://elearn.laex.in Page No. 5 Science & Technology Ready Reckoner RRP 2020 ndry f) Marine products- Marine 1. Embryonic Stem cells Biotech 2. Somatic Stem Cells a) Industrial Products 3. Induced Pluripotent cells through fermentation Induced Indust 3 b) Food Processing Embryonic Somatic stem Pluripote ry c) Beverages Stem Cells Cells nt Stem Cells d) Pharma Industry, etc These a) Bio remediation Embryonic are b) Drought Resistance stem cells are Somatic stem Pluripo Enviro 4 crops derived from cells or adult tent nment c) Forestry – Tissue embryos. stem cells. cells. Culture They are These are Obtain totipotent in undifferentia ed Energ 5 a) Biofuels that they can ted cells throug y be present in h differentiated differentiated reprogr Applications of GE in Health Sector: into most of cells in a ammin 1. Stem cell Therapy the cell types. tissue or g of Stem cells are the raw materials for other They can organ. somatic body cells. produce a They help in cell. clone of the repair and Low They are considered raw materials, because entire maintenance rate of all other cells with specialised functions are organism.