Durham E-Theses An analysis of United States security policy towards a third world state during the Cold War era : case study of US-Iran relations. Yoo, Hyun Sang How to cite: Yoo, Hyun Sang (1996) An analysis of United States security policy towards a third world state during the Cold War era : case study of US-Iran relations., Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1458/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 AN ANALYSIS OF UNITED STATES' SECURITY POLICY TOWARDS A THIRD WORLD STATE DURING THE COLD WAR ERA: CASE STUDY OF US-IRAN RELATIONS by The copyright of this thesis rests with the author.Hyun Sang YO0 No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. A Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Durham The Faculty of Social Sciences University of Durham April, 1996 :- 4 JUN 1996 YOO, Hyun Sang An Analysis of United States' Security Policy towards a Third World State During the Cold War Era: Case Study of US-Iran Relations. Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Politics, 1996 ABSTRACT For an understanding of security relationships between superpowers and Third World states in world politics, it traces the main theories and looks at the characteristics of US security policy and the institutions that are significant in formulating the policy. Subsequently the case study examines the influence of a particular sort of international relationship known as cliency on the domestic politics of the client state. The features of this relationship are flows of military and economic aid, security agreements, and overt or covert interventions by the patron on behalf of the client government. For the national security, the superpower supports the client government vis-à-vis domestic political groups, thus contributing to authoritarianism and reducing the prospects for democracy in the client state. This also causes the state to become more domestically autonomous in the sense that it can more easily resist political pressures from domestic societal groups. The US-Iran security relationship of cliency can be dated from August 1953, when the Iranian Prime Minister was overthrown in a CIA- supported coup. US performed a significant role in this coup, and in the subsequent consolidation of power by the shah. Following the coup, military and economic aid was given to Iran under the relationship. US also provided extensive training for Iran's armed forces and the SAVAK. US military and economic aid was instrumental in helping the shah consolidate his dictatorship. The US-Iran relationship had profound influence on Iran's domestic politics. The long-term implications of this policy for Iranian politics and for US interests are discussed in the conclusion of this study. II No material offered has previously been submitted by me for a degree in this or any other university „ Copyright © 1996 Hyun Sang YOU "The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged." III TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT li TABLE OF CONTENTS Iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XlI GLOSSARY XIV ABBREVIATIONS XVI LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES XVII I INTRODUCTION 1 PART ONE-THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS 13 14 CHAPTER I- MAIN THEORIES OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND US SECURITY POLICY „ 1.1. Analysis of Great Power-Small Power Relationship 14 1.1.1. Concepts as Security Relationship 14 1.1.2. Motivations and Interrelationships of Great Power-Small 20 Power in Alliance 1.2. The Definitions of Patron and Client state 26 1.2.1. The Cliency Relationship 26 1.2.2. Means of Cliency 28 Iv 1.2.3. The Client State 31 1.3. Comparison to Other International Relationships 32 1.3.1. Dependency 35 1.3.2. The Satellite Relationship 36 1.3.3. Colonialism and Imperialism 37 1.4. Overview of US Cliency Relationships During 1950-1980 38 1.4.1. Post-war US Clients 44 1.4.2. US Motives in Establishing Cliency Relationships 45 NOTES TO CHAPTER I 49 CHAPTER II- THE CONCEPT OF THE CLIENT STATE 56 2.1. The State and Society 56 2.1.1. Definitions of State, Government, and Regime s-, 56 2.1.2. Contending Views of State-Society Relations 57 2.1.3. Mechanisms of Group Influence 62 2.1.4. Summary 67 2.2. The Political Economy of State-Society Relations 67 2.3. The Politics of the Client State 71 2.3.1. The Relationship Between Cliency and Authoritarianism 72 V 2.3.2. Cliency and Relative Autonomy from Elites 75 2.3.3. The Client State 75 2.3.4. Consequences for the Client Society 78 NOTES TO CHAPTER II 82 CHAPTER III- THE PHILOSOPHY OF US FOREIGN AND 85 SECURITY POLICY MAKING 3.1. Introduction 85 3.2. Isolationism 86 3.2.1. Early Isolationism 86 3.2.2. Isolationism after World War II 92 3.3. The Ideology: Liberalism and its Critics 95 3.3.1. Liberalism s., 95 3.3.2. Alternatives to Liberalism 97 3.4. The American Mission 102 3.5. The Public and Foreign Policy 110 3.6. Democratic Experiment and Political System 112 3.7. Conclusion 113 NOTES TO CHAPTER III 116 VI CHAPTER IV- THE CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK OF 119 SECURITY POLICY PROCESS 4.1. Policy Making Process 120 4.2. The President and his Advisers, 125 4.2.1. Executive Office of the President 126 4.2.2. National Security Council 128 4.2.3. Relations with the Congress 132 4.2.4. The Present as a Person 133 4.3. The Foreign and Security Affairs Bureaucracy 137 4.3.1. The Department of State 139 4.3.2. The Department of Defense 143 4.3.3. The CIA and the Intelligence Community ,, 144 4.3.3.1. Structure and Growth 145 4.3.3.2. Foreign Policy Impact 148 4.4. Congress 150 4.4.1. Relations with the Executive Branch 150 4.4.1.1. Shared Power 151 4.4.1.2. Declaration of War 152 VII 4.4.1.3. Treaties and Executive Agreements 154 4.4.2. Appropriations 157 4.4.3. Confirmation of Nominations 158 4.4.4. Interest Groups and Dynamics 159 4.5. Public Opinion and the Media 160 4.5.1. Support of Opposition to the President and His Policies 161 4.5.2. Popular Control of Foreign Policy 167 4.6. Conclusion 171 NOTES TO CHAPTER IV 173 PART TWO - CASE STUDY OF US-IRAN RELATIONS 176 CHAPTER V- DOMESTIC POLITICS AND GREAT POWER 177 CONFLICTING, 1800 - 1951 -4. 5.1. The Great Powers in Iran before US Involvement, 1800-1941 178 5.2. The Politics of Iran, 1900-1941 181 5.2.1. The Social Structure of Iran Under the Qajars 182 5.2.2. The Constitutional Revolution and its Aftermath, 1906-1925 183 5.2.3. The Regime of Reza Shah Pahlavi, 1925-1941 186 5.2.4. The Social and Political Structure of Iran Under the Reza Shah 188 VIII 5.3. World War II and the Post War Period, 1941-1951 190 5.3.1. Iranian Politics during World War II and its Aftermath 191 5.3.2. The Post-war Struggle for Power in Iran 195 5.3.3. The Emergence of the National Front 197 NOTES TO CHAPTER V 200 CHAPTER VI- US INTEREST AND OIL ISSUE, 1940 - 1950 202 6.1. Oil and US Policy toward Iran 203 6.1.1. Middle East Oil during World War II 203 6.1.2. Oil in Post-war US Foreign Policy 205 6.1.3. The major US Institutions' Role in Oil Policy 207 6.2. The Evolution of the US Containment Strategy in Iran 208 ' 6.2.1. US Policy during the 1946 Crisis 208 6.2.2. The Truman Doctrine and its Aftermath 213 6.3. The Reorientation of US Policy toward Iran: 1950 216 NOTES TO CHAPTER VI 219 CHAPTER VII- THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A US CLIENT 222 STATE, 1951 - 1953 7.1. Iran on Oil Nationalisation Efforts 222 a 7.1.1. The Oil Problem 222 7.1.2. The Iranian Political Scene in 1951 224 7.2. The Anglo-Iranian Oil Crisis, 1951-1952 229 7.2.1. The Oil Negotiation Process 229 7.2.2. British Intervention in Iranian Politics 234 7.2.3. The US Role in The-Anglo-Iranian Oil Negotiations 241 7.3. The Downfall of the Mossadeq Government 249 7.3.1. The Coup of August 19, 1953 249 7.3.2. The Post-Coup Consolidation of Power 259 7.4. Summary and Conclusion 260 NOTES TO CHAPTER VII 265 CHAPTER VM- THE CONSOLIDATION OF A CLIENT ' 273 STATE, 1953 - 1963 8.1.