Character and Evolution of the Ground-Water Flow System in the Central Part of the Western San Joaquin Valley, California United States Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2348 Prepared in cooperation with San loaquin Valley Drainage Program AVAILABILITY OF BOOKS AND MAPS OF THE U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Instructions on ordering publications of the U.S. Geological Survey, along with prices of the last offerings, are given in the cur­ rent-year issues of the monthly catalog "New Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey." Prices of available U.S. Geological Sur­ vey publications released prior to the current year are listed in the most recent annual "Price and Availability List" Publications that are listed in various U.S. Geological Survey catalogs (see back inside cover) but not listed in the most recent annual "Price and Availability List" are no longer available. 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E-146. 701 C St. Maps For maps, address mail orders to U.S. Geological Survey, Map Distribution Maps Federal Center, Box 25286 Maps may be purchased over the counter at the U.S. Geologi­ Denver, CO 80225 cal Survey offices where books are sold (all addresses in above list) and at the following Geological Survey offices: Residents of Alaska may order maps from ROLL A, Missouri-1400 Independence Rd. Alaska Distribution Section, U.S. Geological Survey, DENVER, Colorado-Map Distribution, Bldg. 810. Federal New Federal Building - Box 12 Center 101 Twelfth Ave., Fairbanks, AK 99701 FAIRBANKS, Alaska-New Federal Bldg.. 101 Twelfth Ave. Character and Evolution of the Ground-Water Flow System in the Central Part of the Western San Joaquin Valley, California By KENNETH BELITZ and FREDERICK]. HEIMES Prepared in cooperation with San Joaquin Valley Drainage Program REGIONAL AQUIFER-SYSTEM ANALYSIS U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 2348 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MANUEL LUJAN, JR., Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1990 For sale by the Books and Open-File Reports Section U.S. Geological Survey Federal Center, Box 25425 Denver, CO 80225 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Belitz, Kenneth. Character and evolution of the ground-water flow system in the central part of the western San Joaquin Valley, California / by Kenneth Belitz and Frederick J. Heimes. p. cm. (Regional aquifer-system analysis) (U.S. Geological Survey water-supply paper ; 2348) Includes bibliographical references. Supt. of Docs, no.: I 19.13:2348 1. Croundwater flow California San Joaquin River Valley. I. Heimes, Frederick J. II. Title. III. Series. IV. Series: U.S. Geological Survey water- supply paper ; 2348. GB1197.7.B45 1990 . 90-3650 551.49'09794'8-dc20 CIP FOREWORD This report was prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the San Joaquin Valley Drainage Program and as part of the Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (RASA) Program of the U.S. Geological Survey. The San Joaquin Valley Drainage Program was established in mid-1984 and is a cooperative effort of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Geological Survey, California Department of Fish and Game, and California Department of Water Resources. The purposes of the program are to investigate the problems associated with the drainage of agricultural lands in the San Joaquin Valley and to develop solutions to those problems. Consistent with these purposes, program objectives address the following key concerns: (1) public health, (2) surface- and ground-water resources, (3) agricultural productivity, and (4) fish and wildlife resources. Inquiries concerning the San Joaquin Valley Drainage Program may be directed to: San Joaquin Valley Drainage Program Federal-State Interagency Study Team 2800 Cottage Way, Room W-2143 Sacramento, California 95825-1898 The RASA Program of the U.S. Geological Survey was started in 1978 following a congressional mandate to develop quantitative appraisals of the major ground-water systems of the United States. The RASA Program represents a systematic effort to study a number of the Nation's most important aquifer systems, which in aggregate underlie much of the country and which represent an important component of the Nation's total water supply. In general, the boundaries of these studies are identified by the hydrologic extent of each system and accordingly transcend the political subdivisions to which investigations were often arbitrarily limited in the past. The broad objectives for each study are to assemble geologic, hydrologic, and geochemical information, to analyze and develop an understanding of the system, and to develop predictive capabilities that will contribute to the effective management of the system. The Central Valley RASA study, which focused on the hydrology and geochemistry of ground water in the Central Valley of California, began in 1979. Phase II of the Central Valley RASA began in 1984 and is in progress. The focus during this second phase is on more detailed study of the hydrology and geochemistry of ground water in the San Joaquin Valley, which is the southern half of the Central Valley. Dallas L. Peck Director Foreword CONTENTS Foreword III Abstract 1 Introduction 1 Background 1 Purpose and scope 1 Previous investigations 2 Acknowledgments 3 Geology 3 Ground-water flow system 7 Predevelopment flow system 8 Agricultural development and system response 12 Configuration of water table in 1984 21 Vertical gradients 25 Generalized geohydrologic section through flow system 25 Conclusions 26 References cited 27 FIGURES 1-9. Maps showing: 1. Location and topography of study area 2 2. Thickness of Coast Ranges alluvium that overlies the Corcoran Clay Member of the Tulare Formation 4 3. Thickness and extent of Sierran sand 5 4. Surficial geology 6 5. Depth to base of the Corcoran Clay Member of the Tulare Formation 7 6. Thickness of the Corcoran Clay Member of the Tulare Formation 8 7. Distribution of alkali in soils 9 8. Boundaries of near-surface subsidence areas 10 9. Estimated water-table altitude and extent of artesian areas, 1908 11 10. Graph showing ground-water pumpage and total available water, Westlands Water District, 1935-85 12 11-19. Maps showing: 11. Extent of areas irrigated with ground water and surface water, 1912-55 12 12. Potentiometric surface of confined zone, 1952 13 13. Water-table altitude, spring 1952 14 14. Potentiometric surface of confined zone, December 1967 15 15. Land subsidence, 1926-72 16 16. Potentiometric surface of confined zone, spring 1984 17 17. Depth to water table, spring 1952 18 18. Depth to water table, October 1984 19 19. Wells used to map depth to and altitude of water table, October 1984 20 20. Hydrographs of two wells drilled to different depths in semiconfined zone 21 21. Map showing location of area serviced by regional tile-drain system and area of approximately equivalent size, topographic relief, and geomorphic character 22 22. Hydrographs of eight wells along approximate flow line 23 23. Map showing water-table altitude, October 1984 24 24. Generalized geohydrologic section through flow system 26 Contents METRIC CONVERSION FACTORS For readers who