United Nations University Press is the publishing arm of the United Nations University. UNU Press publishes scholarly and policy-oriented books and periodicals on the issues facing the United Nations and its peoples and member states, with particular emphasis upon international, regional and transboundary policies. The United Nations University was established as a subsidiary organ of the United Nations by General Assembly resolution 2951 (XXVII) of 11 December 1972. It functions as an international community of scholars engaged in research, postgraduate training and the dissemination of knowledge to address the pressing global problems of human survival, development and welfare that are the concern of the United Nations and its agencies. Its activities are devoted to advancing knowledge for human security and development and are focused on issues of peace and governance and environment and sustainable development. The Univer- sity operates through a worldwide network of research and training centres and programmes, and its planning and coordinating centre in Tokyo. Global multi-level governance The United Nations University-Comparative Regional Integration Studies (UNU-CRIS) is a research and training programme of the UNU that focuses on the role of regions and regional integration in global gov- ernance. The aim of UNU-CRIS is to build policy-relevant knowledge about new forms of governance and cooperation, and to contribute to capacity-building on issues of integration and cooperation, particularly in developing countries. UNU-CRIS is based in Bruges and works in partnership with initiatives and centres throughout the world that are concerned with issues of integration and cooperation. The author worked at UNU-CRIS from September 2003 till March 2005 to compare the regionalisation of higher education in Europe and East Asia within a multi-level globalization context with funding from a post-doctoral grant from the Spanish Ministry of Education, co-funded by the European Social Fund. www.cris.unu.edu Global multi-level governance: European and East Asian leadership Ce´sar de Prado United Nations a University Press TOKYO u NEW YORK u PARIS 6 United Nations University, 2007 The views expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not neces- sarily reflect the views of the United Nations University. United Nations University Press United Nations University, 53-70, Jingumae 5-chome, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8925, Japan Tel: þ81-3-3499-2811 Fax: þ81-3-3406-7345 E-mail: [email protected] general enquiries: [email protected] www.unu.edu United Nations University Office at the United Nations, New York 2 United Nations Plaza, Room DC2-2062, New York, NY 10017, USA Tel: þ1-212-963-6387 Fax: þ1-212-371-9454 E-mail: [email protected] United Nations University Press is the publishing division of the United Nations University. Cover design by Rebecca S. Neimark, Twenty-Six Letters Printed in Hong Kong ISBN 978-92-808-1139-1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Prado, Ce´sar de. Global multi-level governance : European and East Asian leadership / Ce´sar de Prado. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-9280811391 (pbk.) 1. International organization. 2. European Union countries—Foreign relations. 3. East Asia—Foreign relations. I. Title. JZ1318.P73 2007 341.2—dc22 2007012137 Endorsements ‘‘The author presents to us an excellent contribution to our understand- ing of the complex development towards global multi-level governance. His very well researched case studies focus on the regional integration in the European Union and in South-East/East Asia, the interlinkages between them and their potential to effect global change. Particularly interesting, because much less studied until now, is the chapter on the ‘‘advisory factors’’ that are stimulating and facilitating the regionalisation process as well as the chapter on the efforts in both regions to promote a more knowledgeable civil society through changes in higher education systems. The book ends with a visionary outlook on further develop- ments towards a better, knowledge-based multi-level world. Indeed very impressive.’’ Horst Gu¨ nter Krenzler, Professor at Munich University Law Institute and former Director General for External Relations at the European Commission ‘‘Ce´sar de Prado has written an impressive book on the growing engage- ment between Asia and Europe. He argues convincingly that this could motivate the US, the indispensable superpower, and other stakeholders in the international system, to join hands in offering our diminished multi- lateral institutions a much needed injection of dynamism, leadership and new directions.’’ Tommy Koh, Founding Executive Director of the Asia-Europe Foun- dation and Chairman of the Institute of Policy Studies v vi ENDORSEMENTS ‘‘A rich and interesting book, crammed with an astonishing range of de- tail about networked governance from Europe to Asia. His theoretical framework encompasses actors from international organizations to cor- porations, universities to think tanks, offering a way to map the new world order.’’ Anne-Marie Slaughter, Dean of the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University ‘‘A carefully researched analysis of East Asian and European regional- ism, their driving forces and the interaction between the regions. The study is remarkable both for its theoretical quality and its novel empirical data. A most valuable source for students of regionalism.’’ Karl Kaiser, Visiting Professor at Harvard University and former Director of the German Council on Foreign Relations ‘‘This timely book provides a highly comprehensive and illuminating exposition of the new fluidity of global and regional multilateral gover- nance. Ce´sar de Prado did an excellent of job in providing a valuable analytical framework and persuasive cases for students of international relations and the new global order.’’ Il Sa-Kong, Chairman and CEO of the Institute for Global Econom- ics and Chair of the ASEM Vision Group, 1998–2000 ‘‘The demise of multilateralism has been announced prematurely. Ce´sar de Prado demonstrates how increased regionalism in Europe and in Asia has assured its remarkable comeback. His book shows convincingly how this came about and why.’’ Albrecht Rothacher, Editor in Chief of the Asia-Europe Journal ‘‘This interesting book makes a strong case for the emergence of a multi- level global governance system that knits together regionally-based governments and non-governmental actors with specific reference to Europe’s and Asia’s knowledge systems. Interested readers will learn from de Prado’s analytical framework and some well-researched case material.’’ Peter J. Katzenstein, Walter S. Carpenter Professor, Jr. of Inter- national Studies at Cornell University Contents Figuresandtables..................................................... viii Acknowledgements . ............................. xv 1 Globalmulti-levelgovernance ..................................... 1 2 Advancingmulti-levelintergovernmentalism ..................... 35 3 The crucial influence of Track-2 advisory processes . 91 4 Global multi-level knowledge economies . 131 5 Towardshigherlevelsofeducation................................ 177 6 Envisioninga bettermulti-levelworld ............................ 215 References............................................................. 229 Index................................................................... 249 Figures and tables Figures Geopolitical map of Europe .......................................... x Geopolitical map of East Asia . .................................... xi EuropeanUniongovernance......................................... xii EastAsiangovernance ............................................... xiii ASEMgovernance.................................................... xiv Tables 1.1 Worldmultidimensionalregionalprocesses ................... 21 1.2 Actorsinglobalmulti-levelgovernance ....................... 26 1.3 Global interactions within and across levels of public government...................................................... 30 1.4 Theoretical evolution in the understanding of world order aftertheSecondWorldWar.................................... 32 2.1 Europe’scomplementaryregionalprojects .................... 43 2.2 ASEANþ3 institutional cooperation mechanisms ............. 60 2.3 EastAsia’scomplementaryregionalprojects.................. 61 2.4 OverviewofASEMsummits ................................... 72 2.5 EastAsia’smaininterregionalandrelatedprocesses ......... 79 2.6 Comparison of basic elements in European and East Asian externaldimensions............................................. 80 2.7 EuropeanandEastAsianinterregionalisms................... 84 3.1 ASEMVisionGrouprecommendations ....................... 107 viii FIGURES AND TABLES ix 3.2 EASG recommendations and types of actor mainly addressed........................................................ 110 4.1 Summary of first specific commitments on telecommunicationsservicesinGATS......................... 139 4.2 Summary of specific commitments on GATS audiovisual . 139 5.1 Leading exporters of education services (consumption abroad).......................................................... 178 5.2 European and East Asian regional higher education goals . 203 5.3 World macro-regional processes in higher education . 205 5.4 UNESCO’s regional conventions on recognition of qualifications: Participation of countries . .................. 211 5.5 Recommendations for international