1 Chapter XVII CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI CHAPTER VII CHAPTER VIII CHAPTER IX CHAPTER X CHAPTER XI CHAPTER XII CHAPTER XIII CHAPTER XIV CHAPTER XV CHAPTER XVI CHAPTER XVII CHAPTER XVIII CHAPTER XIX CHAPTER XX CHAPTER XXI CHAPTER XXII CHAPTER XXIII CHAPTER XXIV CHAPTER XXV Chapter XXX. CHAPTER XXVI CHAPTER XXVII CHAPTER XXVIII The Panjab, North-West Frontier Province, and by Sir James McCrone Douie 2 CHAPTER XXIX CHAPTER XXX The Panjab, North-West Frontier Province, and by Sir James McCrone Douie The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Panjab, North-West Frontier Province, and Kashmir, by Sir James McCrone Douie This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: The Panjab, North-West Frontier Province, and Kashmir Author: Sir James McCrone Douie Release Date: February 10, 2008 [eBook #24562] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 ***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE PANJAB, NORTH-WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE, AND KASHMIR*** E-text prepared by Suzanne Lybarger, Asad Razzaki, and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this file which includes the original illustrations and maps. See 24562-h.htm or 24562-h.zip: (http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/2/4/5/6/24562/24562-h/24562-h.htm) or (http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/2/4/5/6/24562/24562-h.zip) Transcriber's note: Text enclosed between tilde characters was in bold face in the original book (~this text is bold~). THE PANJAB, NORTH-WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE AND KASHMIR by SIR JAMES DOUIE, M.A., K.C.S.I. Seema Publications Seema Publications C-3/19, R. P. Bagh, Delhi-110007. First Indian Edition 1974 Printed in India at Deluxe Offset Press, Daya Basti, Delhi-110035 and Published by Seema Publications, Delhi-110007. EDITOR'S PREFACE The Panjab, North-West Frontier Province, and by Sir James McCrone Douie 3 In his opening chapter Sir James Douie refers to the fact that the area treated in this volume--just one quarter of a million square miles--is comparable to that of Austria-Hungary. The comparison might be extended; for on ethnographical, linguistic and physical grounds, the geographical unit now treated is just as homogeneous in composition as the Dual Monarchy. It is only in the political sense and by force of the ruling classes, temporarily united in one monarch, that the term Osterreichisch could be used to include the Poles of Galicia, the Czechs of Bohemia and Moravia, the Szeklers, Saxons and more numerous Rumanians of Transylvania, the Croats, Slovenes and Italians of "Illyria," with the Magyars of the Hungarian plain. The term Punjábi much more nearly, but still imperfectly, covers the people of the Panjáb, the North-West Frontier Province, Kashmír and the associated smaller Native States. The Sikh, Muhammadan and Hindu Jats, the Kashmírís and the Rájputs all belong to the tall, fair, leptorrhine Indo-Aryan main stock of the area, merging on the west and south-west into the Biluch and Pathán Turko-Iranian, and fringed in the hill districts on the north with what have been described as products of the "contact metamorphism" with the Mongoloid tribes of Central Asia. Thus, in spite of the inevitable blurring of boundary lines, the political divisions treated together in this volume, form a fairly clean-cut geographical unit. Sir James Douie, in this work, is obviously living over again the happy thirty-five years which he devoted to the service of North-West India: his accounts of the physiography, the flora and fauna, the people and the administration are essentially the personal recollections of one who has first studied the details as a District Officer and has afterwards corrected his perspective, stage by stage, from the successively higher view-point of a Commissioner, the Chief Secretary, Financial Commissioner, and finally as Officiating Lieut.-Governor. No one could more appropriately undertake the task of an accurate and well-proportioned thumb-nail sketch of North-West India and, what is equally important to the earnest reader, no author could more obviously delight in his subject. T. H. H. ALDERLEY EDGE, March 9th, 1916. NOTE BY AUTHOR My thanks are due to the Government of India for permission to use illustrations contained in official publications. Except where otherwise stated the numerous maps included in the volume are derived from this source. My obligations to provincial and district gazetteers have been endless. Sir Thomas Holdich kindly allowed me to reproduce some of the charts in his excellent book on India. The accuracy of the sections on geology and coins may be relied on, as they were written by masters of these subjects, Sir Thomas Holland and Mr R. B. Whitehead, I.C.S. Chapter XVII 4 Chapter XVII could not have been written at all without the help afforded by Mr Vincent Smith's Early History of India. I have acknowledged my debts to other friends in the "List of Illustrations." J. M. D. 8 May 1916. CONTENTS CHAP. PAGE I. Areas and Boundaries 1 II. Mountains, Hills, and Plains 8 III. Rivers 32 IV. Geology and Mineral Resources 50 V. Climate 64 VI. Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees 71 VII. Forests 86 VIII. Beasts, Birds, Fishes, and Insects 90 IX. The People: Numbers, Races, and Languages 96 X. The People: Religions 114 XI. The People: Education 122 XII. Roads and Railways 127 XIII. Canals 132 XIV. Agriculture and Crops 142 XV. Handicrafts and Manufactures 152 XVI. Exports and Imports 159 XVII. History: Pre-Muhammadan Period, 500 B.C.-1000 A.D. 160 XVIII. History: Muhammadan Period, 1000 A.D.-1764 A.D. 168 XIX. History: Sikh Period, 1764 A.D.-1849 A.D. 181 XX. History: British Period, 1849 A.D.-1913 A.D. 188 Chapter XVII 5 XXI. Archaeology and Coins 200 XXII. Administration: General 212 XXIII. Administration: Local 217 XXIV. Revenue and Expenditure 219 XXV. Panjáb Districts and Delhi 224 XXVI. The Panjáb Native States 271 XXVII. The North-west Frontier Province 291 XXVIII. Kashmír and Jammu 314 XXIX. Cities 325 XXX. Other Places of Note 347 TABLES I. Tribes of Panjáb including Native States and of N.W.F. Province 359 II. Rainfall, Cultivation, Population, and Land Revenue 360 III. Agricultural Diagrams 362 IV. Crops 364 V. Revenue and Expenditure of Panjáb 366 Index 367 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIG. PAGE 1. Arms of Panjáb 1 2. Orographical Map (Holdich's India) 9 3. Nanga Parvat (Watson's Gazetteer of Hazára) 11 4. Burzil Pass (Sir Aurel Stein) 13 5. Rotang Pass (J. Coldstream) 15 6. Mt Haramukh (Sir Aurel Stein) 16 7. R. Jhelam in Kashmír--View towards Mohand Marg (Sir Aurel Stein) 18 Chapter XVII 6 8. Near Náran in Kágan Glen, Hazára (Watson's Gazetteer of Hazára) 19 9. Muztagh-Karakoram and Himalayan Ranges in Kashmír (Holdich's India) 21 10. The Khaibar Road (Holdich's India) 23 11. Panjáb Rivers (Holdich's India) 33 12. The Indus at Attock (Sir Aurel Stein) 37 13. Indus at Kafirkot, D.I. Khán dt. (Sir Aurel Stein) 38 14. Fording the River at Lahore (E. B. Francis) 42 15. Biás at Manálí (J. Coldstream) 44 16. Rainfall of different Seasons (Blanford) 62, 63 17. Average Barometric and Wind Chart for January (Blanford) 65 18. Average Barometric and Wind Chart for July (Blanford) 66 19. Banian or Bor trees (Sir Aurel Stein) 75 20. Deodárs and Hill Temple (J. Coldstream) 80 21. Firs in Himálaya (J. Coldstream) 82 22. Chinárs (Sir Aurel Stein) 83 23. Rhododendron campanulatum (J. Coldstream) 84 24. Big Game in Ladákh 92 25. Yáks (J. Coldstream) 93 26. Black Buck 95 27. Map showing density of population (Panjáb Census Report, 1911) 97 28. Map showing increase and decrease of population (Panjáb Census Report, 1911) 98 29. Map showing density of population in N.W.F. Province (N.W. Provinces Census Report, 1911) 99 30. Map showing density of population in Kashmír (Kashmír Census Report, 1911) 100 31. Jat Sikh Officers (Nand Rám) 103 32. Blind Beggar (E. B. Francis) 107 33. Dards (Sir Aurel Stein) 108 Chapter XVII 7 34. Map showing races (from The People of India, by Sir Herbert Risley. With permission of W. Thacker and Co., London) 109 35. Map showing distribution of languages (Panjáb Census Report, 1911) 111 36. Map showing distribution of religions (Panjáb Census Report, 1911) 115 37. Raghunáth Temple, Jammu 116 38. Golden Temple, Amritsar (Mrs B. Roe) 117 39. Mosque in Lahore City (E. B. Francis) 118 40. God and Goddess, Chamba (H.H. the Rája of Chamba) 120 41. A Kulu godling and his attendants (J. Coldstream) 121 42. A School in the time preceding annexation 124 43. Poplar lined road to Srínagar (Miss M. B. Douie) 128 44. Map showing railways 129 45. Map--Older Canals 134 46. Map--Canals 137 47. Map of Canals of Pesháwar district 141 48. Persian Wheel Well and Ekka (Sir Aurel Stein) 143 49. A drove of goats--Lahore (E. B. Francis) 144 50. A steep bit of hill cultivation, Hazára (Watson's Gazetteer of Hazára) 146 51. Preparing rice field in the Hills (J. Coldstream) 147 52. Carved doorway (Sir Aurel Stein) 151 53. Shoemaker's craft (Baden Powell Panjáb Manufactures) 153 54. Carved windows (Sir Aurel Stein) 155 55. Papier maché work of Kashmír (Baden Powell Panjáb Manufactures) 156 56.