Material Science Research India Vol. 7(1), 279-288 (2010) Overview of automobile technologies SHAIJA SHUKLA and MUKESH TIWARI Department of Electrical Engineering J.E.C. Jabalpur (India). (Received: January 01, 2010; Accepted: February 01, 2010) ABSTRACT Automobile is the huge demand in the world this paper introduce to development, production and technologies of automobile in the world. Multilevel technologies are given in details, as petroleum fuels diesel, gasoline, bio-fuels, electric, hydrogen, ox-hydrogen, steam, air, gas, turbine, rocket, and jet car, etc an also mentioned future car technologies. Key words : Automobile development, production, and technologies. INTRODUCTION vehicle around 1672 which was of small scale and designed as a toy for the Chinese emperor, that The work automobile comes, via the was unable to carry a driver or a passenger, but French automobile from the Ancient Greek word quite possible was the first working steam – powered αυτς (autos,” self”) and the Latin mobiles vehicle (‘automobile’)7-8. Although Nicolas – Joseph (“movable”), meaning a vehicle that moves itself Cugnot is often credited with building the first self – rather than being pulled or pushed by a separate propelled mechanical vehicle or automobile in about animal or another vehicle. The alternative name car 1769, by adapting an existing horse – drawn vehicle is believed to originate from the latin word carrus or this claim is disputed by some [citation needed], car rum (“wheeled vehicle”), or the middle English who doubt Cugnot’s three wheeler ever ran or was word carre (“cart”) (from old north French), or karros stable. What is not in doubt is that Richard Trevithick (a Gallic wagon)5-6. An automobile, used for built and demonstrated his puffing devil road transporting passengers, which also carries its own locomotive in 1801, believed by many to be the first engine or motor. Most definitions of the term specify demonstration of a steam – powered road vehicle, that automobiles are designed to run primarily on although it was unable to maintain sufficient steam roads, to have seating for one to eight people, to pressure for long periods, and would have been of typically have four wheels, and to be constructed little practical use. principally for the transport of people rather than goods¹. However, the term automobile is far from In Russia, in the 1780s. Ivan Kulibin precise, because there are many types of vehicles developed a human – pedaled, three – wheeled that do similar tasks, there are approximately 600 carriage with modern features such as a flywheel, million passenger cars worldwide (roughly one car brake gear box, and bearing : however it was not per eleven people)2-3. Around the world, there were developed further9, Francois Isaac de Rivaz, a Swiss about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road inventor, designed the first internal combustion in 2007: they burn over 260 billion gallons of gasoline engine in 1806, which was fuelled by a mixture of and diesel fuel yearly. The numbers are increasing hydrogen and oxygen and used it to develop the rapidly, especially in china and India4. worlds first vehicle. Albeit rudimentary. To be powered by such an engine. The design was not History very successful, as was the case with others, such Ferdinand verbiest, a member of a Jesuit as Samuel Brown, Samuel morey, and Etienne Lenoir mission in china. Built the first steam – powered with his hippo mobile, who each produced vehicles 280 Shukla & Tiwari, Mat. Sci. Res. India, Vol. 7(1), 279-288 (2010) (usually adapted carriages or carts) powered by automobile in 1892, which was a horse – drawn clumsy internal combustion engines10. In November stagecoach built by another manufacturer, that they 1881, French inventor Gustave Trouve demonstrated retrofitted with an engine of their design, By 1895 a working three – wheeled automobile that was about 30 vehicles had been built by Daimler and powered by electricity. This was at the international may Bach, either at the Daimler works or in the exhibition of electricity in Paris¹¹. Although several hotel Hermann, where they set up shop after other German engineers (including Gottlieb Daimler, disputes with their backers. Benz and the may Bach Wilhelm May Bach, and Siegfried Marcus) were and the Daimler team seem to have been unaware working on the problem at about the same time, Karl of each other’s early work. Benz generally is acknowledge as the inventor of the modern automobile10. an automobile powered by They never worked together because, by his own four – stroke cycle gasoline engine was built the time of the merger of the two companies. in Mannheim, Germany by Karl Benz in 1885, and Daimler and may Bach were no longer part of DMG. granted a patent in January of the following year Daimler died in 1990 and later that year, May Bach under auspices of his major company, Benz & Cie., designed an engine named Daimler – Mercedes which was founded in 1883. that was placed in a specially – ordered model built to specifications set by Emil Jellinek. This was a It was an integral design, without the production of a small his country. Two years later, adaptation other existing component’s and included in 1902, a new model DMG automobile was several new technological elements to create a new produced and the model was named Mercedes after concept. This is what made it worthy of a patent. the maybach engine which generated 35 hp. He began to sell his production vehicles in 1888. In 1879, Benz was granted a patent for his first engine, May Bach quit DMG shortly there after and which had been designed in 1878. Many of his other opened a business of his own. Rights to the Daimler inventions made the use of the internal combustion brand name were sold to other manufactures. Karl engine feasible for powering a vehicle. His first motor Benz proposed co –operation between DMG and wagon was built in 1885, and he was awarded the Benz & Cie when economic conditions began to patent for its invention as of his application on deteriorate in Germany following the First World January 29, 1886, Benz began promotion of the War, but the directors of DMG refused to consider vehicle on July 3, 1886 and 1893, when his first it initially. Negotiations between the two companies four wheeler was introduced along with a model resumed several in 1924 they singed an agreement intended for affordability. They also were powered of mutual interest, valid until the year 2000. both with four-stroke engines of his own design, Emile enterprises standardized design, production roger of France, already producing Benz engines purchasing and sales and they advertised or under license, now added the Benz automobile to marketed their automobile models jointly, although his line of products. Because France was more open keeping their respective brands. to the early automobiles, initially more were built and sold in France through roger Benz sold in Production Germany. The large – scale production – line manufacturing of affordable automobiles was In 1896, Benz designed and patented the debuted by Ransom Olds at his Oldsmobile factory first internal – combustion flat engine, called a boxer in 1902. This concept was greatly expanded by motor in German. During the last years of the Henry Ford, beginning in 1914. As a result ford’s nineteenth century. Benz was the largest automobile cars came off the line in fifteen minute intervals, company in the world with 572units produced in much faster than previous methods, increasing 1899 and , because of its size Benz & Cie, became productivity eightfold (requiring 12.5 man-hours a joint – stock company, Daimler and may Bach before, 1 hours 33 minutes after,) while using less founded Daimler motoren Gesellschaft (Daimler manpower4 it was so successful paint became a motor company,) DMG) in Connstatt in 1890, and bottleneck. under the brand name, Daimler sold their first Shukla & Tiwari, Mat. Sci. Res. India, Vol. 7(1), 279-288 (2010) 281 Only Japan black would dry fast enough, was granted a patent for a “New Rational forcing the company to drop the variety of colors Combustion Engine” in 1897, he built the first diesel available before 1914, until fast – drying duco engine10. Steam – electric – and gasoline – powered lacquer was developed in 1926. This is source of vehicles competed for decades with gasoline ford’s apocryphal remark, “any color as long as its internal combustion engines achieving dominance black” 14 in 1914, an assembly line worker could by in the 1910s. Although various pistonless rotary a model T with four months pay14. On June 28, engine designs have attempted to complete with 1926,Benz & Cie. And DMG finally emerged as the the conventional piston and crankshaft design, only Daimler – Benz company, baptizing all of its Mazda’s version of the Wankel engine has had more automobiles Mercedes Benz, as a brand honouring than very limited success. the most important model of the DMG automobile the May Bach design later referred to as the 1902 Ford’s complex safety procedures – Mercedes – 35 hp, along with the Benz name. especially assigning each worker to a specific location instead of allowing them to roam about – Karl Benz remained a member of the dramatically reduced the rate of injury. The board of directors, of Daimler – Benz until his death combination of high wages and high efficiency is in 1929 and at times, his two sons participated in called “Fordism,” and was copied by most major the management of the company as well. In 1890. industries. The efficiency gains from the assembly Emile Levassor and Armand Peugeot of France line also coincided with the economic rise of the began producing vehicles with Daimler engines and United States.