University of Richmond UR Scholarship Repository Math and Computer Science Faculty Publications Math and Computer Science 3-2020 The Ties That Bind Olga Alexandrovna Ladyzhenskaya and the 2022 ICM in St. Petersburg Della Dumbaugh University of Richmond, [email protected] Panagiota Daskalopoulos Anatoly Vershik Lev Kapitanski Nicolai Reshetikhin See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.richmond.edu/mathcs-faculty-publications Recommended Citation Dumbaugh, Della, Panagiota Daskalopoulos, Anatoly Vershik, Lev Kapitanski, Nicolai Reshetikhin, Darya Apushkinskaya, and Alexander Nazarov. “The Ties That Bind: Olga Alexandrovna Ladyzhenskaya and the 2022 ICM in St. Petersburg.” Notices of the American Mathematical Society 67 (March 2020): 373–81. https://doi.org/10.1090/noti2047. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Math and Computer Science at UR Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Math and Computer Science Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of UR Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authors Della Dumbaugh, Panagiota Daskalopoulos, Anatoly Vershik, Lev Kapitanski, Nicolai Reshetikhin, Darya Apushkinskaya, and Alexander Nazarov This article is available at UR Scholarship Repository: https://scholarship.richmond.edu/mathcs-faculty-publications/ 237 HISTORY The Ties That Bind Olga Alexandrovna Ladyzhenskaya and the 2022 ICM in St. Petersburg Della Dumbaugh, Panagiota Daskalopoulos, Anatoly Vershik, Lev Kapitanski, Nicolai Reshetikhin, Darya Apushkinskaya, and Alexander Nazarov Della Dumbaugh mathematical skills to come to the fore [Friedlander et al., When the International Congress of Mathematicians (ICM) p. 1322]. Despite the remote location of their home, Olga convenes in St. Petersburg in 2022, it will not only bring and her sisters also gained a rich cultural awareness of the together mathematicians from all corners of the globe but world through the family’s extensive collection of books. it will also provide an appropriate opportunity to celebrate Her great uncle, Gennady Ladyzhensky, was one of Russia’s the 100th anniversary of the birth of Olga Alexandrovna celebrated water colorists. Olga maintained a lifelong in- Ladyzhenskaya. A Russian mathematician who overcame terest in literature and the arts, perhaps cultivated early on tremendous personal tragedy, Ladyzhenskaya built a legacy by these childhood influences. through her work in partial differential equations and her In 1937, after advocating for his students whose parents interactions with students, colleagues, and collaborators had been arrested by the NKVD (the predecessor of the during a challenging time in Soviet history. This meaningful KGB), Olga’s father was arrested and executed without confluence of events is celebrated on the pages of the first trial. She was sixteen years old at the time. Although the issue of the ICM News with a collection of essays “written family struggled to survive after her father’s disappearance by renowned experts, people who either knew her well or and death, Olga finished high school in 1939 with high who were influenced by her in a transformative way.” Here, marks. Now classified as a daughter of an “enemy of the we reprint those essays with this brief introduction to the people,” however, Olga was forbidden to enroll at Len- life of Ladyzhenskaya. ingrad State University.1 She was, however, permitted to Born in 1922 in the tiny town of Kologriv, a pictur- study at Pokrovski Teachers’ Training College in what was esque area located about 300 miles northeast of Moscow, then Leningrad. During the war, Olga initially moved to Ladyzhenskaya began learning mathematics from her Gorodets to teach at an orphanage and then returned to father in the summer of 1930. A math and art teacher at Kologriv to teach at the high school she had attended and the local high school, Aleksandr Ivanovich Ladyzhensky at which her father had taught. Continuing her father’s had descended from Russian nobility. After explaining the commitment to students, she taught anyone interested in fundamental principles of geometry to Olga and her two mathematics with no compensation required or expected. sisters, he would formulate a theorem and ask his daughters This good deed ultimately led to an opportunity for her to to prove it themselves. This environment allowed Olga’s study mathematics at Moscow State University when the mother of one of her students intervened on her behalf. Della Dumbaugh is a professor of mathematics at the University of In Moscow, she began her mathematics training with Richmond and an associate editor of the Notices. Her email address is algebra and number theory and, later, turned her attention [email protected]. For permission to reprint this article, please contact: reprint-permission 1St. Petersburg State University was founded in 1724 by Peter the Great. @ams.org. During the Soviet period from 1922 to 1991, the institution was known DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1090/noti2047 as Leningrad University. MARCH 2020 NOTICES OF THE AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY 373 HISTORY to differential equations. She was awarded a Stalin stipend tragedy of her (the irony) and a ration card, both of which allowed her to father’s death, survive as a student. Even still, she was often hungry during she remained her time in Moscow and she sometimes slept on benches patriotic. In in the auditorium with her books as a pillow. She would particular, she later describe this sleeping arrangement as an opportunity encouraged to learn by osmosis [Daskalopoulos et al., p. 12]. Russian mathe- Her interest in partial differential equations grew out maticians to re- of the influence of Ivan Petrovsky and the second volume main in Russia. of Methods of Mathematical Physics by Courant and Hilbert, She received which focused on partial differential equations.2 After a number of she graduated from Moscow State University in 1947, she awards and moved to Leningrad where she not only began graduate honors in her school but also a longstanding friendship with Vladimir lifetime, in- Smirnov. She completed her thesis in 1951, with Sergei cluding the Sobolev serving as the official advisor and Smirnov as State Prize of the advisor who actually oversaw her work on linear and the USSR in 1969 and the quasilinear hyperbolic systems of partial differential equa- Great Gold tions. She published her first book in 1953. She would go Lomonosov on to publish six more monographs, some as long as 700 Medal of the Figure 1. Olga Alexandrovna pages, along with more than 250 papers. In 1947, Olga Russian Acad- Ladyzhenskaya in 1959. and Smirnov also started and co-led a weekly seminar on emy in 2002. mathematical physics that became known as the “Smirnov Ladyzhenskaya is also featured in an exhibition in the Seminar.” She continued to run the seminar after his death Science Museum of Boston. There, “the names of the most in 1974, and it still meets today. In his reflections below, influential mathematicians of the 20th century are carved Lev Kapitanski chronicles the importance of this seminar in on a large marble desk…and Olga Ladyzhenskaya is among his training. In particular, he notes that Olga would “often them” [Friedlander et al., p. 1321]. ask questions, sometimes very basic, and these would be Even more, however, Ladyzhenskaya was a beloved the most revealing, the most teachable moments” [Daska- human being. “[H]er personal integrity and energy played lopoulos et al., p. 12]. an especial role in her contribution to mathematics” [Fried- Ladyzhenskaya and her collaborators, including her lander et al., 1321]. She cared deeply for others, especially students, extended the ideas of Ennio De Giorgi and John those who suffered injustices. She loved the arts, travel, and Nash to offer a complete solution to Hilbert’s nineteenth the outdoors. She was unafraid to express her viewpoint, problem on the regularity of solutions of elliptic partial dif- even in the face of a dangerous political climate. She died ferential equations. She began working in fluid dynamics in in 2004. the mid-1950s and published her influential text The Math- Although Ladyzhenskaya is often compared with Sofia ematical Theory of Viscous Incompressible Flow in 1961. She Kovalevskaya, this timely opportunity to link her life with was particularly interested in the Navier–Stokes equations. the 2022 ICM provides an occasion to look more broadly She taught mathematics throughout her life and, despite the for shared connections with the lives of other mathemati- cians worldwide. Her vast output of mathematics, for exam- 2 In his 1938 review of this Courant-Hilbert volume for the Bulletin of ple, calls to mind the American Leonard Dickson’s monu- the American Mathematical Society, Hermann Weyl called attention to mental publication record in algebra and number theory. the political influences at play in its creation when he wrote, “[t]he two volumes are a beautiful, lasting, and impressive monument of what Cou- Her patriotism for Russia is reminiscent of Hua Luogeng’s rant, inspired by the example of his great teacher Hilbert and supported by for China. Her love of travel and her vibrant energy that numerous talented pupils, accomplished in Göttingen, both in research and inspired contributions to mathematics until the last days of advanced instruction. Courant came to Göttingen at a time of enormous her life share an uncanny similarity with the Russian-born, political and economic difficulties for Germany, on a difficult inheritance, French-raised, and American-engineer-turned-topologist with the day of the heroes, Klein, Hubert, and Minkowski drawing to a close. But by research and teaching, by personal contacts, and by creating Solomon Lefschetz. Her life born out of faith, including and administering in an exemplary manner the new Mathematical Institute, her concern for the less fortunate and her teaching of chil- he did all that was humanly possible to propagate and develop Göttingen’s dren at an orphanage and in her small hometown, share old mathematical tradition.