1 Running head: TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION: A MIXED METHODS STUDY OF VETERAN SECONDARY TEACHERS’ BELIEFS, ATTITUDES, AND CLASSROOM PRACTICES A dissertation presented to The Faculty of the College of Education Florida Gulf Coast University In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Education By Lauri M. Garbo 2016 TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION 2 APPROVAL SHEET This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education Lauri M. Garbo Student Name Approved: November 21, 2016 Thomas C. Valesky Committee Chair/Advisor Dorothy C. Rea Committee Member 1 Judy R. Wilkerson Committee Member 2 The final copy of this dissertation has been examined by the signatories, and we find that both the content and the form meet acceptable presentation standards of scholarly work in the above mentioned discipline. TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION 3 Table of Contents Chapter I ..................................................................................................................................................... 10 Statement of the Problem ........................................................................................................................ 12 Research Questions ................................................................................................................................. 16 Definition of Terms ................................................................................................................................. 17 Significance of the Study ........................................................................................................................ 18 Outline of Remainder of the Study ......................................................................................................... 19 Chapter II .................................................................................................................................................... 21 Access to Technology ................................................................................................................................. 21 Technology Integration ............................................................................................................................... 22 Teachers’ Technology Skills ................................................................................................................... 23 Best Practices .......................................................................................................................................... 24 Flipped Classroom .................................................................................................................................. 25 Continuum of Integration ............................................................................................................................ 25 Technology as a Tool .............................................................................................................................. 26 Teachers’ Attitudes and Beliefs .................................................................................................................. 28 Beliefs about Technology ....................................................................................................................... 29 Teachers’ Self-Efficacy and Technology .................................................................................................... 30 Positive Experiences ............................................................................................................................... 30 Verbal Reinforcement ............................................................................................................................. 31 Applied Learning .................................................................................................................................... 31 Expectations and Self-Efficacy ............................................................................................................... 32 The Role of School Culture ........................................................................................................................ 33 School Culture Defined ........................................................................................................................... 33 How Culture Affects Teachers ................................................................................................................ 34 Culture and Technology .......................................................................................................................... 34 Mentoring and Modeling ............................................................................................................................ 35 Peer and Coach Support .......................................................................................................................... 35 Mentoring ................................................................................................................................................ 36 Train-the-Trainer ..................................................................................................................................... 37 Adopting Innovations .............................................................................................................................. 37 Adult Learning Theory ............................................................................................................................... 38 TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION 4 Andragogy ............................................................................................................................................... 38 Infusing Content ...................................................................................................................................... 39 Training Implications .............................................................................................................................. 39 Barriers to Technology Integration ............................................................................................................. 40 Lack of Time and Support ...................................................................................................................... 40 Technology Malfunctions ....................................................................................................................... 41 Chapter III ................................................................................................................................................... 43 A Definition and Rationale for Mixed Methods Research ...................................................................... 43 Quantitative Design and Definition ........................................................................................................ 44 Qualitative Design and Definition .......................................................................................................... 47 Challenges Addressed ............................................................................................................................. 47 Data Collection and Analysis Procedures ............................................................................................... 48 Validity Approaches ............................................................................................................................... 50 Survey Instrument Design ....................................................................................................................... 51 Construct validity. ............................................................................................................................... 51 Reliability. ........................................................................................................................................... 52 Content validity. .................................................................................................................................. 52 Validity for Qualitative Study ................................................................................................................. 53 Reliability for Quantitative Study ........................................................................................................... 54 Potential Ethical Issues ........................................................................................................................... 54 Researcher Bias ....................................................................................................................................... 54 Researcher’s perceptions of technology use. ...................................................................................... 54 Researchers’ comfort and confidence using technology. .................................................................... 55 Researcher’s experience with technology integration. ........................................................................ 56 Confidentiality ........................................................................................................................................ 56 Chapter IV ................................................................................................................................................... 58 Results ........................................................................................................................................................