Check List 9(2): 329–390, 2013 © 2013 Check List and Authors Chec List ISSN 1809-127X (available at www.checklist.org.br) Journal of species lists and distribution ǡ PECIES * S ǤǦ ǡÀ ÀǦǡ Ǧ ǡ OF ×±×Ǧ±ǡ ÀǦǡ Ǧ ǡ ISTS María Torres-Huerta, Alberto Montoya-Márquez and Norma A. Barrientos-Luján L ǡ ǡǡǡǤͶ͹ǡ͹ͲͻͲʹǡǡ ǡ ȗ ǤǦǣ[email protected] ćĘęėĆĈęǣ ϐ Ǣ ǡǡ ϐǤǡ ǤǣͳȌ ǢʹȌ Ǥͳͻͺ ǯϐ ʹǡͳͷ͹ ǡͳͷ ȋǡȌǤǡϐ ǡ Ǥǡϐ Ǣ ǡʹͶʹȋͳͳǤʹΨȌ ǡ groups (annelids, crustaceans and mollusks) represent about 44.0% (949 species) of all species recorded, while the ͹͸ʹ ȋ͵ͷǤ͵ΨȌǤǡ not yet been recorded on the Oaxaca coast, including some platyhelminthes, rotifers, nematodes, oligochaetes, sipunculids, echiurans, tardigrades, pycnogonids, some crustaceans, brachiopods, chaetognaths, ascidians and cephalochordates. The ϐϐǢ Ǥ ēęėĔĉĚĈęĎĔē Madrigal and Andreu-Sánchez 2010; Jarquín-González The state of Oaxaca in southern Mexico (Figure 1) is and García-Madrigal 2010), mollusks (Rodríguez-Palacios known to harbor the highest continental faunistic and et al. 1988; Holguín-Quiñones and González-Pedraza ϐ ȋ Ǧ± et al. 1989; de León-Herrera 2000; Ramírez-González and ʹͲͲͶȌǤ Ǧ Barrientos-Luján 2007; Zamorano et al. 2008, 2010; Ríos- ǡ Jara et al. 2009; Reyes-Gómez et al. 2010), echinoderms (Benítez-Villalobos 2001; Zamorano et al. 2006; Benítez- ϐ Villalobos et alǤʹͲͲͺȌǡϐȋͳͻ͹ͻǢǦ Ǥ ǡ 1982; Tapia-García et alǤ ͳͻͻͷǢ ͳͻͻͺǢ Ǧ ϐ (cf. García-Mendoza et al. 2004). ǡ ǡ studies among taxonomic groups are not homogeneous: longer than others. Some of the main taxonomic groups ȋ ÀʹͲͲʹǢǦʹͲͲ͵ǢǦet al. 2005; 2008; Aguilar-Rosas et alǤʹͲͲͻǢǦǦ González 2009), corals (Glynn and Leyte-Morales 1997; Leyte-Morales 1997; Reyes-Bonilla and Leyte-Morales ͳͻͻͺǢ ǦÓ× Ǧ ͳͻͻͻȌǡ (Fernández-Álamo 1987; González-Ortiz et al. 1996; 1997; Gómez et alǤ ͳͻͻ͹Ǣ Ǧ ʹͲͲ͵Ǣ Ǧ ʹͲͲͺǢ Ǧ et al. 2011), crustaceans (Howard 1952; Garth 1959; 1961; Villallobos- Figueroa 1967; Haig 1968; Luke 1977; Sosa-Hernández et al. 1980; Villalobos-Hiriart and Nates-Rodríguez 1990; ͳͻͺͶǢ et al. 1997; ĎČĚėĊ 1. Location of Oaxaca State in southern Mexico and main sites ǦÓ ͳͻͻͺǢ Ǧ ǣ ͳȌ Ǣ ʹȌ Ǧ Ǣ͵Ȍ ǢͶȌ ǢͷȌǦǢ͸Ȍ et al. 2000; Ramírez-Luna et al. 2002; Ayón-Parente and Ǣ͹Ȍ ǢͺȌǢͻȌǢͳͲȌ Hendrickx 2007; 2009; García-Madrigal 2010; García- ǢͳͳȌ ǢͳʹȌǤ 329 Bastida-Zavala et al. | Marine and coastal biodiversity of Oaxaca Ǧ± ͳͻͻ͸Ǣ Ǧ À ±Ǧ ǡ À ͳͻͻͺǢ Ǧ et alǤ ͳͻͻͻǢ Ǧ± Ǥ ǡ et al. 2004; Tapia-García and Mendoza-Rodríguez 2005; checked in the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS, ÀǦ ±et al. 2007; Robertson and Allen 2008; Appeltans et alǤʹͲͳʹȌǡ ×Ǧ±et al. 2008, 2010, 2012; Mendoza-Vallejo et al. ȋ ʹͲͳʹȌǡ ʹͲͲͻȌǡȋǦ Ǧ×ʹͲͲ͸Ǣ ȋ ǡ ʹͲͲͺȌǡ García-Grajales et al. 2007), coastal birds (Meraz-Hernando Museum of Natural History (AMNH, Frost 2012) and ʹͲͲͳǢǦòet al. 2004; Meraz-Hernando and ǯ ȋͳͻͻͺȌ Ǧ ʹͲͲͷȌǡ ȋǦ subsequent supplements (AOU 2000; Banks et al. 2002; ǦÀʹͲͲͺȌǤ ʹͲͲͶǢʹͲͲ͸ǢʹͲͲ͹ǢʹͲͲͺǢet al. 2010). Questionable While a range of faunal prospecting has been undertaken names were noted on the type localities. in the area (Holguín-Quiñones and González-Pedraza ͳͻͺͻȌǡ ϐ ĊĘĚđęĘĆēĉĎĘĈĚĘĘĎĔē Ǥ ʹǡͳͷ͹ example, the rocky substrates of Huatulco, Puerto Ángel ǡ ×et al. (1997), Kingdom Animalia were recorded along the coastal and Fragoso and Rodríguez (2002) and Zamorano et al. (2006; ȋ ͳȌǤ ʹͲͲͺȌǤ ǡ ͵ǡͳͳʹ Fernández-Álamo (1987; 2000; 2002), while the soft ͳǡͶ͵ͳ bottoms of the continental shelf of the Gulf of Tehuantepec ȋ Ǧ±et al. 2004). ǦǦ À (1998) and Ríos-Jara et alǤ ȋʹͲͲͻȌǤ ǡ ϐ species richness along the coast of Oaxaca, it is nonetheless ȋǦ Ǣ Lobo et al. 1990). Reptile richness is also higher than the ȋ×Ǧ et alǤ ͳͻͻ͵Ȍǡ rest of the country, and is high in comparison to other parts ȋǦ ǦͳͻͻͺȌǡ ȋ ͳͻͻͺȌǤǡ ȋ Ǧet alǤͳͻͻ͹Ȍǡ birds are poorly represented in Oaxaca in comparison to ȋ ͳͻͻͻȌǤ ǡ other regions of Mexico and abroad, possibly due to the Ǥ ȋ Ǧ example, except for some records of polychaetes (Fauchald and Meraz-Hernando 2010). 1972), there is no information about the soft bottoms ǦϐǡͷͻͶ of most of the beaches of Oaxaca, nor of the deep-sea (27.5%), followed by mollusks (462 species, 21.4%), ȋʹͲͲȌǡ ȋʹ͸ͷǡ ͳʹǤ͵ΨȌǡ ȋʹͶʹǡ ͳͳǤʹΨȌ ȋǦ ǦʹͲͳʹȌǤ ȋʹʹʹǡ ͳͲǤ͵ΨȌǤ ǡ ȋͳ͹ addition, there is a lack of knowledge about the symbiotic ǡ ͲǤͺΨȌǡ ϐ ȋͺǡ ͲǤͶΨȌǡ Ǧ bryozoans (1 species each, 0.1%) are the least represented ϐǡǡǤ ȋͳȌǤ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ϐǡ For example, while macroalgae, cnidarians, annelids, rotifers, entoprocts (or kamptozoans), nemerteans, crustaceans and mollusks appeared in 152 papers, nematodes, sipunculids, echiurans, copepods, bryozoans ͷͲ and ascidians are practically unrecorded in Oaxaca. The Ǥǡ study of some of these groups should in fact be mandatory, recorded on the coast of Oaxaca. For example, some since some of them comprise the main components of ϐȋ Ȍǡǡǡ bio-fouling fauna (e.g., sponges, benthic hydrozoans, oligochaetes, sipunculids, echiurans, tardigrades, entoproctos, amphipods, bryozoans and ascidians), and pycnogonids, some crustaceans (branchiopods, mysids, Ǧ cumaceans and ostracods), brachiopods, chaetognaths, ȋet al. 2007). ascidians and cephalochordates remain unrecorded. Based on these accounts, it is clear that there is a Ȁ ϐ major information gap in knowledge about the coastal Ǥ well-known ocean basins in Mexico (Table 2). For study was therefore twofold: 1) to update and synthesize ǡ ͵͵ǤͷΨ ȋ et ǡʹȌ al. 2005), but ~22% of that in the Gulf of Mexico (Felder a baseline for future studies in Oaxaca. ʹͲͲͻȌǤ because of heterogeneity in the studies conducted in ĆęĊėĎĆđĘĆēĉĊęčĔĉĘ ͳͻͺ of Mexico (Hendrickx et alǤʹͲͲͷǢ ʹͲͲͻ references that had been formally published as papers and and references therein), but also as a result of differences monographs. Unpublished databases, technical reports in basin size: Oaxaca represents only 10% and 1% of the Ǥ ǡ ǡ 330 Bastida-Zavala et al. | Marine and coastal biodiversity of Oaxaca Ǥ ĆćđĊ 1. Number of species recorded by taxonomic group in Oaxaca. Taxa with coastal, freshwater and/or terrestrial species, plus marine ǡ ȋȗȌǤ ϐǡ Background problems in knowledge about marine Ǥ ǡ biodiversity ǡǡ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Species from most taxonomic groups were recorded number of references consulted was included. ǡ ǡ Number of References ǡ ǡ Taxa % species consulted ϐ shallow littoral habitats, the continental shelf and the Macroalgae 242 11.2 15 ȋ×Ǧ±et Sponges 17 0.8 9 al. 2012). Cnidarians 118 5.5 25 ǡ Flatworms 80.4 4 ǡ ǡ Nemerteans 10.1 1 coastal lagoons, the continental shelf and the deep sea. Annelids 222 ͳͲǤ͵ ͵Ͳ Ǧ Crustaceans* 265 ͳʹǤ͵ 68 (Mendoza-Vallejo et alǤ ʹͲͲͻȌǡ ȋ Mollusks 462 21.4 14 1979; Tapia-García et alǤ ͳͻͻͺȌǡ Bryozoans 10.1 2 ȋǦͳͻͺʹǢǦ ÀǦ Echinoderms 59 2.7 12 À ʹͲͲͷȌǤ ǡ Fish* 594 27.5 11 Amphibian and reptilian* 1.7 1 Ǥ ǡ ͵͹ Birds* 120 5.6 2 Ǧ ϐ Mammals* 11 0.5 4 ȋȌǤ Total 2,157 198 from the studied groups. For example, while records for macroalgae, crustaceans, and mollusks were published Checklists from the second half of the 19th century, studies of the The information for each major group, at the Phylum or remaining groups began to appear in the early or late ǡ 20th century. A problem associated with older records is in Oaxaca, is summarized in the following sections. The ϐ Ǥ Ǥǡ Ǧ ϐ Ǥ ǡ presented in a strictly alphabetical arrangement. numbers, contrary to what has been recommended as a Macroalgae ȋe.g., Salazar-Vallejo et al. 2007). Kingdoms Plantae and Chromista Ǧ focused on Oaxaca State from 1847 to 1994 has been Ǥ ǡ ×Ǧ Ǧ ȋͳͻͻ͵Ȍ ȋe.g., Riosmena-Rodríguez ×Ǧ Ǧ ȋͳͻͻ͵ȌǤ et alǤʹͲͲͻȌ ϐ Ǥ the region, listing a total of 178 species from 21 localities ǡ using both historical records and new collected samples. ϐ ȋǦʹͲͲͺȌ Ǥ ǡ based on published records (León-Tejera et alǤ ͳͻͻ͵Ǣ Galindo-Villegas et alǤ ͳͻͻ͹Ǣ Ǧ Ǧ on recent publications (e.g.ǡ Ǧ ͳͻͻ͹Ǣ Ǧ Ǧ ͳͻͻͺǢ 2012). ͳͻͻͻǢ ͳͻͻͻǢ Ǧ et al. 2000; Fragoso ĆćđĊ 2. ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǣͳȌ et al.ȋʹͲͲͷȌǢʹȌ ȋʹͲͲͻȌǢ͵Ȍ et al. (2005); 4) Solís-Marín et al. (2005); 5) Guiry and Guiry (2010); 6) Fredericq et al. (2009). Oaxaca Gulf of California 1) % in relation to the Gulf of Mexico 2) % in relation to the Taxa 15,000 km2 160,000 km2 Gulf of California 1,600,000 km2 Gulf of Mexico Fish 594 891 ͵Ȍ 66.7% 1,541 ͵ͺǤ͸Ψ Mollusks 462 ʹǡͳͻ͵ 21.1% 2,445 18.9% Crustaceans 265 1,025 25.9% 1,967 ͳ͵ǤͶΨ Macroalgae 242 ͵ʹͲ5) 75.6% ͸͹͵6) ͵͸ǤͲΨ Annelids 222 ͹ͳ͵ ͵ͳǤͳΨ 854 26.0% Cnidarians 118 ʹͷ͵ 46.6% ͵ʹ͹ ͵͸ǤͳΨ Echinoderms 59 ͳͻ͵4) ͵ͲǤ͸Ψ 522 ͳͳǤ͵Ψ Sponges 17 85 20.0% ͵͵ͻ 5.0% Bryozoans 1 168 0.6% 266 0.4% Total 1,980 5,910 33.5% 8,934 22.2% 331 Bastida-Zavala et al. | Marine and coastal biodiversity of Oaxaca À ʹͲͲʹǢ Ǧ ʹͲͲ͵Ǣ Ǧ et al. species are also expected to increase, although to a lesser 2005; 2008; Aguilar-Rosas et alǤ ʹͲͲͻǢ Ǧ ǡ Ǧ ʹͲͲͻȌǤ ǡʹͶʹ ϐ ǡ ȋ͵Ͳ ǡ ͷͲ ͳͲ͵ Ȍ ȋ ͵Ȍ biogeographic studies (Ketchum-Mejía and Reyes-Bonilla reported from 16 new localities that were not referred to ͳͻͻ͹ǢǦ×Ǧ±ͳͻͻͺȌǡ ×Ǧ Ǧ ȋͳͻͻ͵Ȍ×Ǧ Ǧ ϐ ȋʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ ȋͳͻͻ͵ȌǤ ǡ ǡ while synonymous names, according to Guiry and Guiry ǡ ȋ ͳͻ͵ͺǡǢͳͻͶͺǢ ȋʹͲͳͲȌǡǤ ͳͻ͹ͻǢ Ǧ ͳͻͺͶǢ ÓǦ Most of the species records in the region were the result ×ǦͳͻͻͻǢet al.