CROP PRODUCTION GUIDE AGRICULTURE 2020 Directorate of Agriculture Chepauk, Chennai - 600 005 & Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore - 641 003 jpU. ,uh. 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Jiuf;fz;q) Shri Gagandeep Singh Bedi, IAS Agricultural Production Commissioner & Principal Secretary Government of Tamil Nadu Secretariat, Agricultural Department, Chennai - 600 009 PREFACE The Indian agriculture has taken a paradigm shift from conventional farming to precision agriculture with an intend to overcome a bundle of constraints such as shrinking arable lands, frequent droughts, declining organic matter, multi-nutrient deficiencies besides exodus of people from farming. Despite the fact that the country faces extreme weather conditions, the State of Tamil Nadu retained its glory by getting the Krishi Karman Award 2019 for the fifth time in a row for continued enhancement of food grain and oilseed production. The data vividly indicate the successful accomplishments of both scientists of TNAU and officials in the Department of Agriculture in the past several years. The Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, is playing a pivotal role in design and development of crop varieties, technologies and farm implements to suit the prevailing situations and adapt to the climate change scenarios. In this context, there was an urgent need for standard operational protocols and technology package of practices to fit various agro-climatic zones of the state of Tamil Nadu. In this context, the TNAU under the dynamic leadership of the Vice Chancellor, Director of Research and other technical directors, the “Crop Production Guide (CPG) – Agriculture 2020” was revised, updated and put together as a technology capsule prescribed for adoption by the Department of Agriculture and in turn to the farmers of the State. While doing the revision, the Director of Agriculture and entire team of Department officials ensured that the field level problems are addressed. The CPG - Agriculture 2020 carries recommended crops and varieties, seed to seed crop management technologies, seed invigoration techniques, soil-test crop response based fertilizer prescription, drip fertigation, integrated weed management practices, technology capsule for pests and diseases management, labour saving farm machineries and post-harvest management practices. I take this opportunity to thank and the Vice Chancellor, Director of Agriculture, Director of Research, other Technical Directors and Department officials for their assiduous efforts to orchestrate the document that serve as the base for the agricultural growth and development in the State of Tamil Nadu. (Gagandeep Singh Bedi) Dr. N. Kumar, Ph.D., Vice Chancellor Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore 641 003 PREFACE The Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, is one of the best State Agricultural Universities in the country, evolving several crop varieties, technologies and farm implements to promote productivity and profitability of farms while ensuring environmental safety and rural livelihood. The TNAU has a well articulated and structured research framework to develop varieties and technologies to enable adoption by the farmers of the State. The Research Council of TNAU identifies the field problems that are developed as research projects, monitored and evaluated during the annual crop scientists meets and the research outcomes are presented to the State level Scientific Workers Conference to take the final decision on the varieties or technologies to be recommended for adoption. Such a meticulous planning and execution help us in assembling basket of varieties and technologies that are packaged as the Crop Production Guide. The TNAU has taken efforts to revise and update the “Crop Production Guide (CPG) – Agriculture 2020” involving the Directors and Deans in the university besides Department of Agriculture and Department officials. In the past one year, there was a close coordination between the Department and University in undertaking joint efforts to resolve the unresolved field problems. Such network helped us to improve the CPG as a technology package suitable for the farmers of the Tamil Nadu State. The CPG carries recommended crop varieties, improved management technologies, precision farming practices, technology capsule for the management of pests and diseases besides post-harvest management practices. I take this opportunity to thank the Agricultural Production Commissioner & Principal Secretary to the Government, Director of Agriculture, Director of Research, other Technical Directors, Deans and Department officials for their contribution towards the publication of the CPG - Agriculture 2020. (N. KUMAR) CONTENTS S.No. Crop Page No. 1 RICE 1 2 MILLETS 65 i. Sorghum 65 ii. Cumbu 81 iii. Ragi 92 iv. Maize 103 v. Small Millets 117 3 WHEAT 122 4 PULSES 125 i. Redgram 125 ii. Blackgram 134 iii. Greengram 144 iv. Cowpea 153 v. Horsegram 158 vi. Bengalgram 161 vii. Garden Lab lab (Avarai) 165 viii. Field Lab lab (Mochai) 170 ix. Soya bean 173 x. Sword bean 178 5 OILSEEDS 180 i. Groundnut 180 ii. Sesame 197 iii. Castor 205 iv. Sunflower 215 v. Safflower 223 vi. Coconut 226 vii. Oilpalm 238 S.No. Crop Page No. viii. Niger 248 6 FIBRE CROPS 252 i. Cotton 252 ii. Jute 284 7 SUGARCANE 285 8 SWEET SORGHUM 308 9 TROPICAL SUGARBEET 310 10 FORAGE CROPS 315 i. Fodder Cholam 315 ii. Fodder Maize 317 iii. Neelakolukattai 320 iv. Guinea grass 322 v. Deenanath grass 324 vi. Cumbu Napier Hybrids 326 vii. Lucerne – Kudiraimasal 328 viii. Hedge Lucerne – Velimasal 330 ix. Fodder Cowpea 332 x. Muyalmasal 334 xi. Leucaena – Soundal 336 11 GREEN MANURE CROPS 338 i. Daincha 338 ii. Sunnhemp 339 12 MUSHROOM CULTIVATION 340 13 COMPOSTING AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER 347 UTILIZATION 14 SERICULTURE 362 15 AGRO FORESTRY 369 S.No. Crop Page No. 16 INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEM RESEARCH IN TAMIL NADU 387 17 WEEDS 392 18 SOIL RELATED CONSTRAINTS & THEIR MANAGEMENT 394 19 CHISEL TECHNOLOGY 397 20 SURGE IRRIGATION 398 21 MICRO IRRIGATION 399 22 AGROMETEOROLOGY 405 23 FARM IMPLEMENTS AND MACHINERY 425 i. Land preparation implements 425 ii. Sowing implements 427 iii. Inter-cultural equipments 429 iv. Harvesting and Thrashing Machines 430 v. Horticultural Implements 431 vi. Miscellaneous Machinery 436 24 AGRICULTURAL PROCESSING EQUIPMENTS 437 25 RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING 439 i. Single Pot Chulha 439 ii. Double Pot Chulha 439 iii. Biomass Gas Stove 440 iv. Downdraft Gasifier for water pumping 440 v. Solar Tunnel Drier 441 vi. Biomass Hot Air Generation System Integrated with 442 a. Solar Tunnel Drier vii. Night Soil Biogas Plant 442 viii. Biodiesel Pilot Plant 443 26 HOME SCIENCE – FOOD PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES 444 1. RICE (Oryza sativa L.) CLIMATE REQUIREMENT T_MaxoC T_MinoC Optimum oC Rainfall mm Altitude m MSL 36 - 38 10 - 12 30 - 32 1000 - 4500 up to 2000 Tropical and sub tropical hot and humid climate. Minimum temperature required for germination, flowering and grain formation is 10, 23 and 20°C, respectively. Optimum temperature for growth, flowering and grain formation is 21 - 36, 25 - 29 and 20 - 25, respectively. Short day plant. CROP IMPROVEMENT I. SEASON AND VARIETIES Zone District/Season Month Varieties I. Cauvery Delta Zone a. Thanjavur/ Tiruvarur Kuruvai (Jun -Jul) ADT 53, CO 51, ADT 43, ADT (R) 45, TPS 5 , MDU 6, ADT 36, ADT 37, CORH 3, ASD 16, TKM 9 Samba (Aug) CR 1009 Sub1, TNAU Rice ADT 50, ADT 51, CR 1009, TRY 3 Late Samba / Thaladi (Sep -Oct) VGD 1, TKM 13, CO 52, CO (R) 50, ADT 39, ADT 38, TNAU Rice ADT 49, CO 43, CO 43 sub.1, Imp.White Ponni, ADT (R) 46, TNAU Rice TRY 3*, TNAU Rice Hybrid CO 4 Navarai (Dec -Jan) ADT 53, CO 51, ADT (R) 45, TPS 5 , MDU 6, ADT 36, ADT 37, CORH 3, ASD 16, TKM 9 b.