Sys Rev Pharm 2020;11(5):666-671 A mIunltifhaceitebd rietvieiwojonurnaol inftheOfierldaof plhaBrmacycterial Growth (Streptococcus Mutans and Porphyromonas Gingivalis) using Black Rice Bran Ethanol Extract (Oryza Sativa L.) as A Natural Mouthwash Marhamah, Harun Achmad, Hendrastuti Handayani, Sherly Horax, Fajriani, Nurhaedah H. Galib B, Sasmita M. Arief Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia Corresponding Author: [email protected] ABSTRACT Oral health problems in Indonesia are still relatively high. Indonesian National Keywords: Black rice bran extract, natural mouthwash Streptococcus mutans, Health Research 2018 stated that oral health problem’s proportion in Indonesia is Porphyromonas gingivalis 57.6%. Diseases in the oral cavity occur due to accumulation of bacteria, including bacteria that cause dental caries (Streptococcus mutans) and periodontal disease Correspondence: (Porphyromonas gingivalis). Current scientific methods prioritize prevention care Marhamah to take care of oral health such as teeth brushing regularly using toothpaste and 1Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Hasanuddin University, using mouthwash rather than surgical intervention. However, mouthwash Makassar, Indonesia contains alcohol, in which can increase the risk of developing oral cancer. Rice Email: [email protected] bran is a natural comestible containing antibacterial substances. Differences in pigment in rice affect its antibacterial activities. Hence, this research novelty lies in using black rice bran extract (Oryza sativa L.) formulated mouthwash. This study was a laboratory experimental study with post-test only with control group design. The study itself was divided into several phases, extract making to inhibition test. Statistical analysis resulted bran extract with concentration of 10, 20, 40, 80, and 100% with ampicillin positive control each have different inhibition zone and are statistically significant (p<0.05) to Streptococcus mutans (p=0.00) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (p=0.00). Based on study conducted mouthwash A and negative control was used as comparative variables for mouthwash with 10% concentration and shows significance level of 0.00 (p<0.05) which means there is a significant difference between each group. Black Rice Bran extract mouthwash as inhibitor Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis growth bacteria. BACKGROUNDS Oral health plays a pivotal part in shaping in overall use it, such as children, pregnant / breastfeeding mothers, health. Oral health problem in Indonesia, particularly patients who use certain drugs, and patients with tooth decay (dental caries) is still relatively high. Dental xerostomia (Witt et al., 2005). Alcohol content in caries is a disease of tooth hard tissue namely email, mouthwash can increase the risk of oral cancer, especially dentin, and cementum, caused by microorganism if it is taken continuously (Quirynen et al., 2005). activities in the oral cavity. School-age children, especially Rice bran is a traditional comestible that contains various elementary school children, are one of the groups that are compounds, including antibacterial compounds. The susceptible to dental and oral diseases, because in results of previous studies showed that inhibition of general children still have poor behavior or habits in cancer cell growth correlated with a higher total phenolic maintaining oral health (Kidd & Fejerskov, 2016). Based content of black and red rice bran compared to white rice on RISKESDAS (Indonesia National Health Research) bran. It was proven that the ethanoSl terxetprtaocctoocfcuwshmiteutrainces 2018, dental caries index of average adults with 32 branPoartphcyornocmenotnraastigoinsgivoaflis10%, 20%, 40%, 80% and dentitions, on average have 7 decayed teeth. Whereas in 100% could inhibit the growth of young adults aged 15 to 20, each has on average 3 and (AOchrymzads&atSivinaggLih, 2020). decayed teeth and for children aged below 12, each has 2 Therefore, this research is needeSdtretoptodceotcecrums imneutathnes decayed teeth (Kemenkes, 2018). potePnotiraplhyorfombloancaks griicnegivbarlain ( .) ethanol Teeth play a vital role for a child growth and development. extract in inhibiting the growth of Dental decay is the most common oral health problem in ManAdTERIALS AND METHODSs bacteria. children, it can be caused by hereditary factor, race, sex, age, diet, bSatdrephtaobciotc, chuosstmfaucttaonrss i.e. strPeonrgpthyroofmtonoaths gsuinrgfaivcael,isb. acterial plaque containing cariogenic bacteria This study was a laboratory experimental study with such as and post-test only with control group design. Research was (Kidd & Fejerskov, 2016; Matsuyama, Fujiwara, conducted in pharmacognocy-phytochemical laboratory Ochi, Isumi, & Kato, 2018). in Pancasakti University Makassar and Microbiology Plaque usually starts forming on third of the cervical laboraSttorreyptioncoFcaccuusltmy uotfaMnsedicinPeorHpahsyarnoumdodninasUgninivgeirvsailtiys surface of rough and defective tooth. Plaque control can Makassar from August to September 2019. Samples used be performed by mechanically removing the plaque by were and brushing teeth surface and gargling with mouthwash. In bacterial. general, mouthwash contains 5-25% alcohol. Alcohol in Instruments used in this study are Latex examination mouthwash acts as an antiseptic, shelf life extending, gloves, Masks, Vial Shelf and Bottles, Evaporator Tubes, prevents contamination of microorganisms, and solvents Petri Dish, Suction Pipettes, inoculating loop, Buchner (Rawlinson et al., 2008). However, alcohol content in Funnels, Stirring rod, Autoclaves and Incubators, mouthwash causes certain individuals to not be able to Micropipettes, Scales, Aluminum Foil, Small Spoons, 666 Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy Vol 11, Issue 5, May-Jun 2020 Inhibition of Oral Bacterial Growth (Streptococcus Mutans and Porphyromonas Gingivalis) using Black Rice Bran Ethanol Extract (Oryza Sativa L.) as A Natural Mouthwash Caliper, Ruler, Writing instruments, Oven, Glass Jar, 1O0rymzal value <0.05, which means that the data is not normally saytriivnageL, Bunsen burners, Microscope, Test Tube, distributed so the test was continued with non- Erlenmeyer flask. Materials used: black rice bran ( parametric test namely Kruskal Wallis (Table 4). Based .), ethanol, alcohol 70%, sterile distilled water, on the Kruskal Wallis statistical test significance value of paper dish, Muller Hinton Agar (MHA), DMSO solution, 0,000 was obtained (p <0.05), which means there are NA medium, NB medium, 0.9% NaCl Spthreypsitoolcoogciccuasl Ssitgrnepiftiocaconctcduisffemreuntacnes between treatment groups. msoulutatinosn, 10Poμrpghyarmompiocnilalisng, infgilitvearlispaper, denaturated For the observation of the inhibition zone of alcohol, labels and bacterial culture ( Shaphiro-Wilk statistical test was and ), menthol, glycerin, performed to determine the normality value and the and sodium lauryl sulfate. value of p obtained was >0.05, which means that the data Data analysis was performed using SPSS 22.0 software is not normally distributed so the test was continued with and data was analyzed using Shapiro Wilk, One-Way parametric test namely One-way ANOVA (Table 4). Based RANESOUVLAT, KSruskal Wallis, Mann Whitney, and LSD test. on the One-way ANOVA statistical test significance value of 0,000 was obtained (p <0.05), which means there are significant differences between treatment groups. From Table 1 descriptively it can be seenPotrhpahtytrhoem1on0a%s Afterwards, post hoc test was conducted to determine the gcoinngcievnatlrisation of black rice brSatnreepxttorcaocctchuassmtuhteansmallest differences bPeotrwpeheynrotmwonvaasrigabinlegsiv. alis Streptococcus inhibition zone that is 9.15 ± 0.19 for mCoumtapnasrative test results of inhibition zones between and 8.05 ± 0.05 for s when groups for and compared to the rest of concentration of black rice bran on average showed a significant value (p <0.05). extract. The zonePorfpihnyhriobmitoionnasinginthgievapliossitive control Mouthwash formula + 10% bran extract compared to group usSitnrgepatmocpoiccilulisnmhuatdanthse greatest inhibition zone of mouthwash A and distilled water has p<0.05 value, which 17.77 ± 0.26 for and 14.07 ± means there are significant differences between groups, P0o.9r5phfoyromonas gingivalis . or it has different effects. Likewise, differences in For the observation of the inhibition zone of inhibition zone of mouthwash A compared to control bacteria, the normality value group using distilled water has p value of <0.05 which and p value obtained using Shapiro-Wilk statistical test means there are significant differences between groups, was > 0.05, which means that the data is normally DorISitChUaSsSdIOiffNeSrent effects. distributed so the test was continued with parametric test namely One-way ANOVA (Table 2). Based on the One- way ANOVA statistical test, significance value of 0,000 (p Based on research that has been conducStterdep, teotchoacncuosl <0.05) was obtained, which means that there were mexutrtancts of blPacokrprhiycreombroannashgasingthivealaisbility to inhibit the significant differencesStarmepotnogcotcrceuastmmenuttagnrosups. growth of oral cavity bacteria, namely Shapiro-Wilk statistical test was conducted to determine and . This is supported inhibition zone of resulted the by previous research, which states that in antimicrobial normality value and the value of p obtained was <0.05 screening, rice bran ethyl acetate