Land, Food Security and Sustainable Development in Africa Sam Moyo & Prosper B. Matondi African Institute for Agrarian Studies (AIAS) Paper prepared for the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), Sustainable Development Division (SDD), Ethiopia. The research assistance of Nelson Marongwe and Manyeu Mutamba is sincerely acknowledged. Table of Contents List of Tables ......................................................................................................................................... iii List of Figures ........................................................................................................................................ iii List of Charts ......................................................................................................................................... iii List of Boxes ........................................................................................................................................... iii List of Annexes ...................................................................................................................................... iii 1.0 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Objectives and Scope of the Study ................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Historical Context and Background ............................................................................................... 2 2.0 Conceptual Framework and Methodological Issues ................................................................. 3 2.1 Land Tenure: Some Basic Concepts .............................................................................................. 3 2.2 Land Tenure: Food Security Analytical Model ............................................................................. 7 3.0 Land Tenure and Livelihoods in Africa ................................................................................... 11 3.1 Livelihood Options and Land Tenure .......................................................................................... 11 3.2 Land Distribution and Ownership Patterns .................................................................................. 12 3.3 Land Markets and Sustainable Livelihoods ................................................................................. 14 3.4 Land Tenure and Poverty ............................................................................................................. 20 3.5 Land and the HIV/AIDS Pandemic.............................................................................................. 23 4.0 Land Tenure and Food Security ............................................................................................... 24 4.1 Land Tenure, Agriculture and Food Security .............................................................................. 24 4.2 Land Tenure and Land Use in Africa ........................................................................................... 27 4.2.1 Agriculture ............................................................................................................................. 28 4.2.2 Protected Areas ...................................................................................................................... 29 4.2.3 Pastoralism ............................................................................................................................ 29 4.2.4 Land-Use Regulations ........................................................................................................... 30 5.0 Tenure and Sustainable Resources Management ................................................................... 32 5.1 Land Tenure, Social Vulnerability/Marginality and Environmental Stress ................................. 32 5.2 Good Practice in Sustaining Livelihoods ..................................................................................... 33 5.3 Land Tenure and Environmental Security ................................................................................... 33 5.4 Land Tenure and Natural Resources Conflicts: Poaching, Grabbing and Occupations .............. 34 6.0 Land Tenure and Gender Relations ......................................................................................... 37 6.1 The Gender Division of Tasks and Responsibilities .................................................................... 38 6.2 Women’s Ownership and Tenure of Land ................................................................................... 38 6.3 Gendered aspects of Poverty and Marginalisation ....................................................................... 39 7.0 Land Policy Making in Africa ................................................................................................... 40 7.1 Introductory Remarks ............................................................................................................... 40 7.2 Scope and Forms of Land Policies ............................................................................................... 41 7.2.1 Land Legislation and Administration Policies ...................................................................... 41 7.2.2 Customary Landholding Systems, Nationalism and Land Market Policies .......................... 41 7.2.3 Land Redistribution Policies ................................................................................................. 42 7.3 The Making of Land Policies ....................................................................................................... 43 7.4 Comprehensive National Land Policies ....................................................................................... 44 7.5 Land Policy Implementation Processes ....................................................................................... 46 7.6 Sub-Regional Land Policy Experiences ....................................................................................... 48 i 7.6.1 West Africa ............................................................................................................................ 48 7.6.2 Southern Africa ..................................................................................................................... 50 7.6.3 East and Greater Horn of Africa ............................................................................................ 52 7.6.4 Central Africa ........................................................................................................................ 53 7.6.5 North Africa .......................................................................................................................... 54 7.7 Limitations of Land Policies and Selection Impacts .................................................................... 55 8.0 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 57 9.0 References ................................................................................................................................... 60 10.0 Annexes .................................................................................................................................... 72 ii List of Tables Table 3-1: Smallholder Land Distribution in Selected African Countries ....................................... 22 Table 6-1: Contribution of African Women to Family Livelihoods ................................................ 38 Table 7-1: Main Thematic Issues covered by Land Policies in Africa ............................................ 47 Table 7-2: Arable Land in North Africa ........................................................................................... 54 List of Figures Figure 2-1: Conventional Conceptual Links between Land and Food .............................................. 10 Figure 2-2: Land Tenure and Food Security: The Links ................................................................... 11 List of Charts Chart 2-1: Significance of Land for Livelihoods in Africa ................................................................ 9 Chart 3-1: Responses to Effects of HIV/AIDS from Afflicted Families ......................................... 24 Chart 8-1: Analytical Model of Land Policy and Food Security in Africa ...................................... 58 List of Boxes Box 3-1: Examples of Land Markets in Eastern and West Africa .................................................... 15 Box 3-2: Land Sales in Central Côte d’Ivoire ................................................................................... 18 Box 4-1: Land for Forest or Sugarcane Production? An Example from Uganda ............................. 30 Box 4-2: Maasai Pastoralists: An Example from Kenya................................................................... 31 Box 5-1: Settlement in Forest, Game Reserves and National Parks in Uganda................................ 36 Box 5-2: Land Tenure Conflicts in Côte d’Ivoire ............................................................................. 37 Box 7-1: Land and Gender Considerations in Selected Countries .................................................... 46 Box 7-2: Land Problems in Ghana .................................................................................................... 49 Box 7-3: Objectives of Malawi’s Land Policy .................................................................................