Malaysian Fisheries Journal 19: 1-20(2020) Review Status of Blood Cockle, Tegillarca granosa (Linnaeus, 1758), Aquaculture and Sustainable Production in Selangor, Malaysia TATSUYA YURIMOTO Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686, Japan Author: [email protected] Abstract: The blood cockle, Tegillarca granosa (Linnaeus, 1758), is the most popular sowing aquaculture commodity in Southeast Asian countries. The west coast of Peninsular Malaysia is popular for blood cockle aquaculture, but production has reproduction and minimizing mortality during the culturing process. The production blood cockle aquaculture on the Selangor coast, and an outline of the problems found the author introduces a measure based on the Satoumi concept, which is spreading in Japan. Keywords: Selangor, climate change, blood cockle, sustainable production, Satoumi Abstrak: Kerang, Tegillarca granosa (Linnaeus, 1758), adalah komoditi akuakultur yang paling popular di negara-negara Asia Tenggara. Pantai barat Semenanjung Malaysia terkenal dengan akuakultur kerang, tetapi pengeluarannya menurun dengan ketara di pesisir Selangor dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan. Untuk mencapai pengeluaran yang mampan di pesisir, adalah perlu untuk mengekalkan persekitaran yang sesuai untuk pembiakan dan meminimumkan kematian semasa proses kultur. Masalah pengeluaran dipengaruhi oleh pelbagai perubahan persekitaran seperti kualiti air dan mendapan dasar di tapak akuakultur, dan langkah-langkah pencegahan yang berkesan sedang dicari. Dalam artikel ulasan ini, berkaitan perubahan iklim di 1 Tegillarca granosa (Linnaeus, 1758), Aquaculture and Sustainable Production in Selangor, Malaysia pantai barat Semenanjung Malaysia, data statistik cuaca yang pertama dianalisis untuk menganggarkan kesan terhadap akuakultur kerang di pantai Selangor, dan lakaran kepada permasalahan yang dijumpai dari hasil tinjauan lapangan di pantai Selangor dibincangkan. Selain itu, sebagai salah satu cara untuk memikirkan langkah-langkah pemuliharaan alam sekitar untuk kawasan akuakultur, penulis memperkenalkan ukuran berdasarkan konsep Satoumi, yang tersebar di Jepun. Introduction Tegillarca granosa (also known as Anadara granosa) is commonly called blood et al. 2011, 2013; Taniguchi et al. Shinotsuka, 2007; Faulkner, 2010; Peng et al. 2015), and sowing aquaculture of blood cockle is popular in Southeast Asian countries such as Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam production of blood cockle has decreased on the Selangor coast since 2011 (Ramli et al. Trend of Weather Change on The West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia sowing aquaculture of blood cockle, and these areas represent most of the national temperature because the water is shallow, and are also susceptible to inundation by land water. In recent years, climate change has also become a global problem, including 2 Tatsuya Yurimoto coast including Selangor of Peninsular Malaysia was discussed. Long-term weather data for Penang, Sitiawan and Malacca - which are the main grounds for blood cockle aquaculture in Peninsular Malaysia - were obtained from the Japan Meteorological Agency (https://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/cpd/monitor/ index.html). Almost monthly data of Penang, Sitiawan and Malacca were collected 6 regression analysis was performed and slope data summarized. Time-series graphs of from now for the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. This temperature rise is nearly the et al. (2016), suggesting that the west coast of Time-series graphs of the transition of monthly rainfall at Penang, Sitiawan and Malacca month, showing a slight increase with time. Thus, monthly rainfall on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia showed a declining trend of 0.18 and 0.924 mm for Penang and contrast, Sitiawan showed an increasing trend of 5.736 mm after 10 years, and a possible rainfall increases of 28.68 mm after 50 years. 3 N A B Figure 1: Locations of the three weather monitoring stations ( : Penang, Sitiawan and Malacca) on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia : St. A-D) maturation monitoring of blood cockle C square in map A indicates the location et al. (2014c). 3 Tegillarca granosa (Linnaeus, 1758), Aquaculture and Sustainable Production in Selangor, Malaysia Figure 2 Figure 3 4 Tatsuya Yurimoto and monthly precipitation for each month, and the slopes for these regression lines are in April and during June-July, and in Malacca during June-July. The temperature February-March. There is a slight possibility that temperature in these months will rise. The dry season is mainly during June-September on the western coast of Peninsular Malaysia, suggesting that temperature is likely to increase in the dry season in future. trend of increase and decrease in rainfall, with a downward trend of -4.6 mm/year in April .5 grounds in the northern and southern parts of Perak and Selangor, attention must be has become a global issue (Meehl et al. et al. et al. 2009; Somphong et al. for the whole of Malaysia (Kamaruddin, 2016; Tang, 2019). In Peninsular Malaysia, et al. 2013; Tang, estuary. Therefore, we need to manage the blood cockle aquaculture grounds from a 5 Tegillarca granosa (Linnaeus, 1758), Aquaculture and Sustainable Production in Selangor, Malaysia Figure 4 Reproduction and Production Constraints Tegillarca occurred with the same timing as the main spawning season of the adult cockle, and 3) et al. 3 et al. 2014c). This result suggests that Tegillarca coastal low-salinity areas for long periods until settlement in the rainy season when the cockles (Yurimoto et al. 2014c). The west coast of Peninsular Malaysia during the rainy season is the best blood cockle spawning season, and seasonal winds are mainly from 6 Tatsuya Yurimoto the northeast (Siswanto and Tanaka, 2014; Yurimoto et al. 2014a, 2014c). In addition, it shore (Fujiwara, 2007; Yamamoto, 2011). This suggests that a large amount of the full- Figure 5 Dotted line arrows in water show the current direction. Dotted line arrows in air show wind direction during the northeast monsoon season. Mainly, adult cockles release egg or sperm into the water column during the monsoon season, and the fertilized eggs produce maturation during 2011-2012. Sexual maturation at the four sites occurred mainly 7 Tegillarca granosa (Linnaeus, 1758), Aquaculture and Sustainable Production in Selangor, Malaysia and some cockles showed re-maturation after April (unpublished data). Maturation was almost synchronized across the four sites, indicating that this contributes to the high at this time, indicating a possible connection between both phenomena (Yurimoto et al. Figure 6: A mound of dead cockle shell collected from the aquaculture ground after the et al. 2014d). assessed using shell length (Yurimoto et al. 2014d). Precipitation data for the Selangor et al. 8 Tatsuya Yurimoto et al. 2014d). Relating the phenomena, Ramli et al. (2013) reported a high concentration of ammonia et al. 2014). Additionally, Shimoda et al. et al. 2004; Yurimoto et al. 2014b), and Teoh et al. (2016) reported that nutrients and et al. and Standard permissible limit. These results suggest that substances such as ammonia, Sustainable Production of Cockles and the fresh water carries mud from the upstream area to the estuary through the (Yurimoto et al. 2014a). summarized by the Fisheries Research Institute of Malaysia, showed that those of the 9 Tegillarca granosa (Linnaeus, 1758), Aquaculture and Sustainable Production in Selangor, Malaysia forest, are spreading in inland areas of Peninsular Malaysia (Rusli and Majid, 2014) reasons, it is necessary to consider changes in mud and water qualities supplied to the et al. 2009, 2012; Asmawi and A B Figure 7 et al. management of pollutant load sources and incorporates smooth material circulation in 10 Tatsuya Yurimoto under a policy “people understand well the unity of land and coastal areas and promote the importance of the relationship between land and coastal areas should conduct citizen sediment quality and bottom topography) of the aquaculture ground areas through the cockle on the Selangor coast. are consistent with the concept of Satoumi introduced this time. It is important that the 11 Tegillarca granosa (Linnaeus, 1758), Aquaculture and Sustainable Production in Selangor, Malaysia Conclusion the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia and an increasing trend of rainfall amount around southern Perak and northern Selangor during this season. Sexual maturation status of the blood cockle along the Selangor coast suggested that the wet season weather conditions maturation of the adult blood cockles from wet to early dry seasons. Suitable aquaculture including middle and upstream areas not just the downstream area. In particular, the blood cockle aquaculture areas are subject to changes in water depth, bottom topography is needed such as resetting new aquaculture areas due to these changes. In addition, the concept of Satoumi that is becoming popular in Japan will be useful for realizing such management of aquaculture areas. References erosion issue in Selangor, Malaysia. Journal of Clean Energy Technologies, 1, 164-168. 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