AP European History HANDOUT Revolution Networking Assignment Name of Nation or Revolution: Peasants’ Revolt Years of Revolution: Begin 1524 End 1525 Involved Parties – Which Individuals/Groups were dissatisfied with the status quo and why? Peasants of Southern and Central Germany discontent with their societal place and use Luthers works to raid churches and terrorize nobles and high class. Causes of the Revolution: Immediate: Fundamental: Lords restrict assembly in rural districts Class struggles Luther ideals take off and are Religious persecution misinterpreted by the peasants Leadership – Who Led the Revolution and what were their strategies? Peasants lead by Andreas Karlstadt “Strike while the iron is hot” Leads peasants in mass destruction of churches and art and uses Luthers work as a time to have an opportunist change to get secular power Luther speaks out against Karlstadt and advices princes to retaliate and unfortunately they did so in such a way Luther never expected and murdered and massacred the peasents ending the rebellion. Treaty (ies) Ending War and Major Terms of the Agreement: No treaties to end the revolt the peasants are simply massacred by the princes and nobles for their behavior. Goals and Evaluation What were the goals and were they accomplished? Goal: Yes: No: Reasons: Earn peasant class power X Nobles much more powerful and supported and crush the peasants Religious Freedom X Karlstadt did not get his secular leading government because of his methods used and break with Luther and radical approach. Name of Nation or Revolution: Dutch Revolution Years of Revolution: Begin 1566 End 1609 Involved Parties – Which Individuals/Groups were dissatisfied with the status quo and why? Protestants of the Netherlands who were fighting against religious persecution by Catholic Phillip II of Spain Phillip II of spain aimed to make Europe Catholic and attacked Protestants in Netherlands who fled from France Causes of the Revolution: Immediate: Fundamental: Catholic Phillip II of Spain takes control of Religious Persection Netherlands Inquisition established which persecuted Seperation between north and south based on Religion by Duke of Alva Netherlands due to religion Leadership – Who Led the Revolution and what were their strategies? William Prince of Orange fought for the dutch against Spanish Duke of Alva who executed Calvinists, imposed new taxes, and established the inquisition. Use of Dutch Sea Beggars to torment Spanish Sailors was one method used by William that led to peace Treaty (ies) Ending War and Major Terms of the Agreement: Pacification of Ghent 1576: 17 dutch provinces united under William’s rule, respect religious differences, and Spanish troops withdrawn, however the catholic and protestant states split 12 year truce 1609: finally ended the religious wars in Netherlands and recognized the independence of the northern provinces Goals and Evaluation What were the goals and were they accomplished? Goal: Yes: No: Reasons: Religious Freedom for Protestants X 12 year truce: Netherlands broken up into two states based on religious factions Union of Arras (catholic ruled by Duke of Parma) and Union of Utrecht (protestant led by William prince of orange) Spain Driven out of Netherlands X Spain’s presence remained in southern Netherlands, but northern is free from spain because the Catholic Dutch did not have a problem with Spanish rule. Name of Nation or Revolution: Fronde Years of Revolution: Begin 1648 End 1652 Involved Parties – Which Individuals/Groups were dissatisfied with the status quo and why? French Nobles of the Robe (service nobility lawyers, administrators) French Nobles of the Sword (ancestors of medieval nobles) overthrowing Mazarin for their own purpose of increasing power and securing position Mazarin ruler of France who had made a centralized power and taken away some of the nobility power Causes of the Revolution: Immediate: Fundamental: Taxes to pay off thirty years war Centralized power under Mazarin at the expense of nobility Nobility desire to be powerful Leadership – Who Led the Revolution and what were their strategies? Nobles of the Robe led first and they wanted more power and less taxes but their fighting ended in a compromise with Mazarin Nobles of the Sword led second and they wanted Mazarin’s power for themselves and eventually ended up fighting within themselves because of their greed, which made it easy to put down the rebellion. Treaty (ies) Ending War and Major Terms of the Agreement: Compromise which ended Nobles of Robe fighting but not of the sword Goals and Evaluation What were the goals and were they accomplished? Goal: Yes: No: Reasons: Nobility power X People of France realized that it was a better idea to let the power of France rest in the crown which continued especially in Louis XIV’s reign that followed End to high taxes X Takes remained high through even the next rule to pay off the war and build up France, but after this revolt people of France were less likely to get on the wrong side of their monarch, though tension did rise eventually Name of Nation or Revolution: First English Civil War Years of Revolution: Begin 1642 End 1646 Involved Parties – Which Individuals/Groups were dissatisfied with the status quo and why? John Pym and the Puritans anti Kings implementation of structure in Puritans Oliver Cromwell and New Model Army Battle for the Lord against religious structure and Charles I reign Charles I who had ruled with little parliament involvement with high taxes and poor religious stance Causes of the Revolution: Immediate: Fundamental: Charles Marries Catholic French Religious Freedom Establishes ritual in Anglican church and Charles rules without Parliament alienates the Puritans King and Archbishop Laud establish Anglican Book of Common Prayer on Scottish Presbyterians Leadership – Who Led the Revolution and what were their strategies? John Pym and Puritans: King arrests radicals in parliament for the split in opinion on religious issues and Pym and puritans have enough and drive England into its first civil war New Model Army: Puritan extremists known as the independents, Oliver Cromwell one of the leaders ended 1st phase by capturing King Charles in 1646 King Charles I whose religious alliance was blurred by his marriage and ruled without parliamentary consent Treaty (ies) Ending War and Major Terms of the Agreement: No treaties this phase of the civil war ends in Charles I capture but transitions into the second phase Goals and Evaluation What were the goals and were they accomplished? Goal: Yes: No: Reasons: Parliament Rule: Get X Split in parliament Presbyterians who wanted to Charles I out! restore Charles I and Independents who wanted new rule Religious Freedom X Religion still blurred English government in the search for who will rule post this civil war Name of Nation or Revolution: Second English Civil War Years of Revolution: Begin 1648 End 1649 Involved Parties – Which Individuals/Groups were dissatisfied with the status quo and why? Charles I captured and then flees to seek help from scots Oliver Cromwell enraged by Charles’ treachery and wants new ruler Causes of the Revolution: Immediate: Fundamental: Charles flees to Scotland No monarchy ruler parliament instead Puritan power over the Presbyterians Leadership – Who Led the Revolution and what were their strategies? Oliver Cromwell leads the independents against Charles I and Presbyterians in Parliament who were purged and replaced with the Rump Parliament who tried and condemned Charles as a tyrant, traitor, murderer, and public enemy, and killed him. Treaty (ies) Ending War and Major Terms of the Agreement: No treaty the beheading of Charles I signified the end to monarchy and the triumph of Cromwell’s revolution and a commonwealth was established and monarchy and house of lords are abolished. Goals and Evaluation What were the goals and were they accomplished? Goal: Yes: No: Reasons: End of Monarchy X Oliver Cromwell takes control and beheads Charles I abolishing Monarchy and House of Lords and establishing England as a Commonwealth Puritan Power X Cromwell and Independents take over England for the time being, however they are the religious minority so things don’t go very well. Name of Nation or Revolution: Glorious Revolution Years of Revolution: Begin 1688 End 1689 Involved Parties – Which Individuals/Groups were dissatisfied with the status quo and why? William of Orange and wife Mary were invited by Englishmen to invade England and take down the French and James II monarchy James II Catholic King and England do not want an oppressive Catholic Monarch People of England who did not want to be under control of catholic James II Causes of the Revolution: Immediate: Fundamental: James II devout Catholic takes throne Who would be monarch of England anti catholic England Leadership – Who Led the Revolution and what were their strategies? 1689 Convention Parliament asserted that James had broken the contract between king and people which declared the throne vacant The people of England offered the throne to William and Mary accepted it No blood shed or fight by James II in fear of the people of England Treaty (ies) Ending War and Major Terms of the Agreement: Bill of Rights: Parliament can make laws and levy taxes, rights of citizens to petition, keep arms, have a jury, and not be on excess bail, system of gov. based on the rule of the law and a freely elected Parliament constitutional monarchy Toleration Act: Puritan dissenters right to free public worship Goals and Evaluation What were the goals and were they accomplished? Goal: Yes: No: Reasons: Oust James II X William and Mary take the throne and change England for good try to appease multiple religions and rule for the people Religious Freedom X The toleration act was a step and began the process of religious freedom, however they weren’t completely free, but they were not persecuted for their religion.