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Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6’ x 9” black arxf white photographic prints are available for any pfiotographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 UMI TRADE IN THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN, 100-700 AD: THE CERAMIC EVIDENCE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Robert Scott Moore, M.A., B.A. The Ohio State University 2000 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Timothy E. Gregory, Advisor Professor Jack M. Balcer Professor John F. Guilmartin Histoky Gradual^ Program UMI Number 9982946 Copyright 2000 by Moore, Robert Scott All rights reserved. UMI UMI Microform9982946 Copyright 2000 by Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Copyright by Robert Scott Moore 2000 ABSTRACT Since the beginning of time, exchange and trade have played an important role in the development of civilizations. They function as a mechanism that allows individuals, cities and empires the opportunity to grow beyond the natural resources available to them. The intention of my study was to determine the scale and nature of trade in the eastern Mediterranean, as well as its importance to the economy of that area. To answer this question my study focused on the nature of trade, its direction, its volume, the goods or commodities being traded, the relationship of this trade to local and global economies, and its role in the metamorphosis of Late Antiquity. The importance of trade is a dominant consideration in modem discussions of the development and well-being of society. Many prevailing ideas about the significance of trade come, in fact, from historical models, most of them developed in the course of the nineteenth century and based on information from the ancient world. My research represents a fundamental reassessment of the scale and nature of trade in the eastem Mediterranean in Late Antiquity and provides an important new foundation for those interested in the way our own complex economy functions in an era that has many similarities with those of thePax Romana. II My research is Based on both the written and archaeological records, the latter providing evidence not available to earlier historians and which is amenable to statistical analysis, model-building, and testing. My work utilized literary evidence to form a general picture of the period's trading activity and then integrated first hand archaeological information from various sites to provide direct evidence for the “realities” of trade in the period. This was necessarily selective and included sites in Greece, Cyprus, Turkey, Palestine, Egypt, Libya, and Carthage. This combination of literary and archaeological evidence illustrated: a) the nature of exchange (gift exchange, tied trade, redistributed trade, market exchange), b) the size or volume of trade, c) trade’s importance to the economy and society of the time, d) and the role of trade in the transformation and/or collapse o f the Ancient World. Ill Dedicated to Debra, Joel, Bob, Joyce, Christopher, and Cassie IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank my advisor, Tim Gregory, for his intellectual support, encouragement, and enthusiasm, which made this dissertation possible, and for his extreme patience in correcting both my stylistic and logical errors. Any mistakes that remain are my responsibility. I am grateful to Jack Balcer and John Guilmartin for their contributions to this work and especially for catching my numerous stylistic and editorial mistakes. I would like to thank the staff at The Ohio State University Excavations at Isthmia, Greece for their hard work and support during those hot summer months on the roof and in the field. I would also like to thank the Sydney Cyprus Survey Project staff. Dr. Bernard Knapp (director). Dr. Michael Givens (field director), and Nathan Meyer for their support and hard work, both in the field and in the lab, in collecting and refining the data that made this dissertation possible. Most importantly, without the extreme patience and support of my wife, Debra, and my parents. Bob and Joyce, this journey would never have been possible. Thank you. VITA December 14, 1965 .................................Bom Raleigh, North Carolina 1989 ..........................................................B.A. Classics (Classical Archaeology), The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 1992 .......................................................... M.A. Maritime History and Underwater Archaeology, East Carolina University 1992 - 1998 ..............................................Graduate Teaching Associate, The Ohio State University 1995 - 1998 ..............................................Senior Archaeological Staff, The Ohio State University Excavations at Isthmia, Greece 1996 - 1999............................................. Senior Archaeological Staff, Sydney Cyprus Survey Project - Mitsero, Cyprus 1998 .......................................................... Visiting Instructor, Department of Classical Studies, College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio 1999 (Spring) ............................................. Lecturer, Department of History, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, Ohio 1999 (Spring) .............................................Visiting Instructor, Department of History, Antioch College, Yellow Springs, Ohio 1999 (Autumn)......................................... Instructor, Department of History University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio 2000-2001.................................................. Instructor, Department of History University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio PUBLICATIONS 1. S.v. “Kazhdan, Alexander.” In The Encyclopedia o f Historians and Historical Writing, ed. Kelly Boyd. London, 1999. vi 2. “Heraclius,” “Heraclonas and Constanstine III,” “Constans II,” “Gregory,” “Olympius,” “Mezezius,” “Constans IV,” “Justinian II,” “Leontius,” “Tiberius II.” Articles in the online De fmperatoribus Romanis. http://www.salve.edu/~romanemp/startup.htm. 3. Maria Dzielska. Abstract of Hypatia ofAlexandria by R. Scott Moore. In Journal o f Women's History, winter 1997. 4. John O. latrides and Linda Wrigley. Review of Greece at the Crossroads, by R. Scott Moore. In History Reviews On-Line, Volume 2, number 1 (Summer 1996), http://www.depauw.edu/~dtrinkle/hrol.html. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: History (Ancient) V II TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract...........................................................................................................................ii Dedication ......................................................................................................................iv Acknowledgments ..........................................................................................................v Vita................................................................................................................................. vi List of Figures ................................................................................................................ x Abbreviations ..............................................................................................................xiv Chapter: 1. Introduction ..........................................................................................................I 2. Methods and Approaches Used ....................................................................... 16 3. Scholarship on Trade ........................................................................................28 4. Ceramics Important to this Study ...................................................................48 5. Literary Sources on Trade ...............................................................................65 6. Case Studies ......................................................................................................81 7. Isthmia, Greece................................................................................................113 8. The Island of Cyprus ......................................................................................130 9. Conclusions .....................................................................................................163