Rendering unto Caesar: the secularization of Jesuit missions in mid-eighteenth century Durango Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Deeds, Susan McClymont Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 10/10/2021 15:43:57 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/565508 RENDERING UNTO CAESAR: THE SECULARIZATION OF JESUIT MISSIONS IN MID-EIGHTEENTH CENTURY DURANGO by Susan McClymont Deeds A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 19 8 1 (©) Copyright 1981 Susan McClymont Deeds THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by ____ Susan M. Deeds____________________________ entitled "Rendering unto Caesar: The Secularization of Jesuit Missions in Mid-Eighteenth Century Durango"____________________________ and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy_______________________________ ____ . p d ' 2 / <?/________ Date o a 2.1, /?,f/______ Date M /?JF/ D a t e ~ ' M . Jl/ir . /9</Y Date / Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. _____ ___________________________________ / 0 t ^ /_______ Dissertation Director Date STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to bor­ rowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A number of years have elapsed since the inception of this project, and numerous people have contributed to its various stages of development. First, I am indebted to Dr. Charles W. Polzer of the Arizona State Museum who suggested this particular topic of study and who provided support and introductions for me especially during the initial period of research. A Fulbright doctoral research fellowship in 1976-1977 made it possible for me to spend a year in Mexico conducting archival research. There, my search for the widely dispersed Jesuit sources was aided by Alejandra Moreno Toscano, Director of the Archive General de la Nacidn, as well as by Salvador Victoria and many others associated with that institution, by Enrique Florescano of the Departamento de Investi- gaciones Historical of the Institute Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, and by Ignacio del Rio of the National University. Dr. Manuel Ignacio Perez Alonso of the Jesuits' Mexican Province allowed me access to its documentary collection which contains material crucial to this study. In Durango, Licenciado Jos6 Ignacio Gallegos C. afforded me the oppor­ tunity to investigate relevant civil documents. And Padre Antonio Diaz, in charge of the Cathedral Archive of Durango, made the invaluable collection of diocesan records available and allowed me to have them reproduced. iii iv In the planning and research stages, Dr. Richard Greenleaf of Tulane University also provided pertinent advice and encouragement. Subsequent research and reconnaissance trips were important to the com­ pletion of this project. A University of Arizona Graduate College scholarship furnished assistance during a visit to the Guadalajara archives in 1978, and I am especially grateful to my friends, Madeline Dearman and Susan Moran, who accompanied me through the Chihuahua back- lands to visit Tarahumara mission sites in the spring of 1981. Throughout the writing of the manuscript, I have received assis- tance from The University of Arizona's Documentary Relations of the Southwest project headed by Dr. Polzer, especially from Thomas H. Naylor and Thomas C. Barnes. For typing various parts of the manuscript, I would like to thank Valla Galvez, Marjorie Neufer, and Susana de la Pefta; Mrs. Hazel Gillie typed the final version. The maps were drafted by Sharon F. Urban. I would especially like to mention my deep indebtedness to my friend and colleague Dianne Kercheval who spent many hours reading the entire manuscript, making editorial suggestions, and offering needed encouragement at difficult times. The foundation from which this project grew is the firm ground­ ing in Latin American history which I received from my professors at The University of Arizona. I would particularly like to thank Dr. George A. Brubaker for sharing and instilling his understanding of Latin America and its people. From Dr. Donna J. Guy, I gained a new appre­ ciation of economic and social history. An association of more than fifteen years with Dr. Michael C. Meyer has had a profound impact on V my professional growth, and I am especially indebted to him for his continued support and interest in my academic career. I would also like to thank Dr. Murdo MacLeod who read this manuscript and offered sug­ gestions .for change. My advisor, Dr. Ursula Lamb, has guided my training as a colonialist, constantly challenging me and providing new insight into the field. Without her support and ultimate confidence in me, I might have lost sight of my final goal in this undertaking. Finally my family — my parents, my sisters Beth and Patricia, my husband Dana, my children, Ellen, Gabriela, and Colin — all con­ tributed to the completion of this manuscript in many ways, but pri­ marily by helping me to keep its value in perspective. To Dana I owe special thanks for years of support and endurance. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF T A B L E S ............................................vii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . ................................ ix ABSTRACT........................ x 1. INTRODUCTION...................................... 1 2. SECULARIZATION AS A ROYAL GOAL: THE ELUSIVE PURSUIT . 15 3. THE JESUIT MISSIONARY ENTERPRISE IN NUEVA VIZCAYA TO 1740. 40 4. BOURBON WINDS OF CHANGE, 1730-1750 ....................... 65 5. SELECTING THE MISSIONS FOR SECULARIZATION: THE CONFLICT OVER LAND AND L A B O R ................................ 87 6. TEPEHUANA AND TARAHUMARA BAJA IN THE 1740s ............114 7. TOPIA IN THE 1 7 4 0 s ....................................163 8. A PERIOD OF EQUIVOCATION, 1749-1753 ................... 205 9. THE LEGAL CULMINATION OF A PROCESS AND ITSEPILOGUE . 244 10. CONCLUSIONS .................................. ........... 276 APPENDIX A: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS................... 290 LIST OF REFERENCES................................... 291 vi LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Population estimates for the mission of Cinco Se&ores . • 117 2. Population estimates for the mission of Santiago Papasquiaro, including visitas of Atotonilco and San Nicolas ......................... 123 3* Population estimates for the mission of Santa Catalina • 127 4. Population estimates for the mission of Nuestra Seftora del Zape, including visita of San Joseph del Potrero • • 132 5. Population estimates for the mission of San Jos£ del Tizonazo, including visita of Santa Cruz ........ 136 6. Population estimates for the mission of San Miguel de las Bocas, including visita of San Gabriel . ........ • 139 7. Population estimates for the mission of San Pablo, including visitas of San Juan and San Mateo ....... 142 8. Population estimates for the mission of San Gerdnimo de Huejotitlan, including visitas of San Ignacio, San Xavier, and Guadalupe .••• ............. ....... 146 9. Population estimates for the mission of Santa Cruz, including visitas of San Felipe, San Joseph Salto de Agua, and San NicolAs de la Hoya ........ .......... 149 10. Population estimates for the mission of Santa Maria de las Cuevas, including visitas of Santa Rosalia and San Lorenzo ........................ 132 11. Population estimates for the mission of San Francisco Xavier de Satevd, including visitas of San Lorenzo and Santa Ana de la Joia ..................... .. 154 12. Population estimates for the mission of San Juan de Badiraguato, including visitas of Alicamac, Tres Reyes de Conimeto, and Santa Cruz ................ 166 vii viii LIST OF TABLES— Continued Table Page 13• Population estimates for the mission of Cariatapa, in­ cluding visitas of San Martin Atotonilco, San Ignacio Bamupa, San Joseph Soyatita, Santiago Morirato, and San Pedro Huatenipa ....................... .. ........... 170 14. Population estimates for the mission of San Ignacio de Tamazula, including visitas of San Ignacio Atotonilco, San Juan Sapotlan, and San Joseph Canelas ........ 173 15. Population estimates for the mission of San Ignacio de Otatitl^n, including visitas of Alaya, Piaba, and Huexupa 176 16. Population estimates for the mission of San Ildefonso de los Remedies, including visitas of Santa Catalina Martin