ROMAN MAISURADZE, TAMAR KHARDZIANI, TEA ERADZE QUAESTIONES GEOGRAPHICAE 40(1) • 2021 LANDSCAPES, SETTLEMENTS AND TRADITIONAL HOUSING IN SAMTSKHE-JAVAKHETI, GEORGIA ROMAN MAISURADZE 1, TAMAR KHARDZIANI 2, TEA ERADZE 1 1Department of Geography, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia 2Vakhushti Bagrationi Institute of Geography, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia Manuscript received: February 4, 2021 Revised version: March 1, 2021 MAISURADZE R., KHARDZIANI T., ERADZE T., 2021. Landscapes, settlements and traditional housing in Samtskhe-Javakheti, Georgia. Quaestiones Geographicae 40(1), Bogucki Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Poznań, pp. 85–95. 5 figs, 2 tables. ABSTRACT: A change in livelihood and folk architecture is an indicator of cultural landscape transformation, which is often the result of changes occurring in the natural and socio-political realms. The diversity of architectural types of buildings as an element of landscape diversity distinguishes our research region. The presented study deals with a long-term change of housing and architectural types of settlements. Our goal was to identify, geolocalise, and classify the vernacular architecture of Samtskhe-Javakheti within the different types of natural landscapes. For this purpose, we used the HGIS (Historical Geoinformation System) approach, which comprises the application of both historic sources and GIS technologies. We identified seven types of buildings in the study area, the characteristics of which depended on the natural landscape features. The following factors had been determining the geography of the con- struction: geology, seismicity, terrain, climate, access to building materials and defence. Dominant architectural types of buildings in the study region were as follows: fortress Rabat with stone houses, stone houses, semi-underground houses mixed with stone houses, semi-underground houses, terraced semi-underground houses, cave dwellings and wooden log houses. In modern times, it is quite rare to come across these kinds of architectural buildings, and there is a tendency of their disappearance. KEY WORDS: landscape, settlement, traditional housing, historical GIS, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Georgia Corresponding author: Tamar Khardziani, [email protected] Introduction systems based on the existing historical data, which has been quite relevant in recent decades A study of changes in the human environment (Gregory, Healey 2007, Cirucci et al. 2015). and physical landscape is the subject of complex Vernacular architecture is an essential part of and interdisciplinary research. Traces of histor- society’s life, culture and tradition. From ancient ical processes are often reflected in landscapes, times people have been trying to adapt to the en- formed over a long period of time (Braudel, vironment and find a comfortable living space, Wallerstein 2009). The retrospective approach in- where they could be protected from threats. In volves analyzing the objects and events of nature terms of cultural heritage conservation, it is es- and society that existed in the past. This includes sential to study and preserve the diversity of the preparation of historical geoinformation types of buildings within the landscape (Charter © 2021 Author(s) This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution license https://doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2021-0007 ISSN 2082-2103, eISSN 2081-6383 86 ROMAN MAISURADZE, TAMAR KhardZIANI, TEA ERADZE 1931, 1964). The origin and development of folk buildings carry many interesting stories, histo- architecture are related to centuries of local ries, inscriptions, and artefacts, which are scat- knowledge, which also implies adaptation to tered among villages, settlements and individual the local environment (Battaini-Dragoni 2008, buildings, so their preservation is of great cultur- Sangiorgi 2008, Braudel, Wallerstein 2009). Their al importance (Charter 1964, Sangiorgi 2008). variety is determined by the peculiarities of the The paper presents the study of medieval set- local landscape, which is diverse in the study tlements and types of traditional buildings in the area (Maisuradze et al. 2018). Here, vernacular Samtskhe-Javakheti region, as well as their geo- buildings are mostly characterised by a mixed graphical allocation and surrounding landscapes. age and are associated with the construction style of different periods. Some buildings were adapt- ed to both, seismic activity (Vallerani 1995, Jibson Study area 2011) and exodynamic processes of the area (Ilies, Moldovan 2014). Samtskhe-Javakheti is located in the south- During the Soviet period, the appearance ern part of Georgia (Figs 1, 2) and includes six of traditional housing changed dramatically. municipalities: Adigeni, Akhaltsikhe, Borjomi, Settlement types became more homogeneous, Aspindza, Akhalkalaki and Ninotsminda. The re- as similar architectural style buildings were gion covers an area of 6412.8 km2 and has a popu- built (Khoshtaria et al. 2019). This trend affect- lation of 160,262 people. The following relief fea- ed both urban and rural settlements. If we look tures can be seen in the area: volcanic highlands at today’s rural settlements, we find that since of southern Georgia, in the form of volcanic pla- the second half of the twentieth century, almost teaus, canyons and Javakheti-Samsar-Erusheti identical houses have been built. Fewer people ridges, Akhaltsikhe Valley and Lesser Caucasus live in traditional Meskhetian houses or wooden mountain system, in the form of Arsiani and houses (Ochiauri 1970). Their functional purpose Adjara-Trialeti ridges. The highest peak is Didi has changed, and in many cases, they are being Abuli (3301 m a.s.l.) on the Abul-Samsar ridge used for storing products and cattle shelters. Old (Fig. 1). Fig. 1. Samtskhe-Javakheti relief. LANDSCAPES, SETTLEMENTS AND TRADITIONAL housing IN Samtskhe-JAVAKHETI, GEORGIA 87 Fig. 2. Location of the study area and its landscapes. 1 – lower mountain semi-humid forest, 2 – middle mountain Colchian forest, 3 – middle mountain forest, 4 – moun- tain valleys with steppes, meadows and semi-aird shurbs, 5 – middle mountain arid forest, shrubs, and steppes, 6 – middle mountain dark coniferous forest, 7 – plateau with steppes and meadows, 8 – upper mountain pine and brich forest, 9 – highland subalpine sparse forests and shruby meadows, 10 – high mountain alpine meadows, 11 – high mountain sub-nival. One of the reasons for the diversity of the re- features of the landscape and make them visible gion’s climate is the high altitudinal range (900– through the maps. HGIS involves several research 3300 m a.s.l.). The absolute minimum tempera- methods. Scholars from many branches of histor- ture varies between −29°C and 41°C, while the ical study are turning to geospatial techniques to absolute maximum temperature is between 34°C explore spatial relationships, to reconstruct past and 39°C. Annual precipitation varies between places and natural environments (Knowles 2005). 400 mm and 1400 mm. There are currently five The method involves the use of standard sourc- small cities, seven towns and 259 villages in the es of data such as censuses, and visualizing them region, which are allocated in 71 communities. locally and regionally within a GIS environment, The village population accounts for 65.94% of the to make comparisons across both space and time total population. There are five types of natural (Black, MacDonald 2005). The integration of cen- landscape, nine subtypes, 15 genera and 120 fac- sus and geographic data can not only elevate the ets (Maisuradze et al. 2020). management of census information but also wid- en the application of census information in other potential fields. Many countries, no matter the Materials and methods developed or the developing ones, are attaching great importance to the study and implementa- In the research presented here, we applied tion of the census GIS (Xinzhou et al. 2001). the historical geoinformation system approach, Our study is based on a written source com- which is also known as Historical GIS, HGIS of piled in the sixteenth century, known as the HISGIS. The approach implies an application of Great Defter of Gurjistan Vilayet. Officials of the historic sources and GIS tools to revive certain Ottoman Empire prepared the document after 88 ROMAN MAISURADZE, TAMAR KhardZIANI, TEA ERADZE they captured the southwestern part of Georgia state boundary of modern Georgia. The mapping as a result of a long military campaign (Imber of the mentioned settlements included identify- 2002). Based on the primary Ottoman sources, ing their location, preparing a database, and clas- academician Sergi Jikia prepared and published sifying architectural types of buildings. During the work in Georgian in two parts in 1941 and the sixteenth century, the appearance of the cit- 1958 (Jikia 1941, 1958). The source includes in- ies was very different from their current states. formation about the territory of the present They were usually characterised by a suburban Samtskhe-Javakheti, and also the areas outside agricultural zone and a defensive, fortification it (Jikia 1941). In the paper, we have also used building. The 22 settlements of the region were works from the past centuries, which provide Rabat fortresses, which were functionally rele- information about the history, culture and set- vant to the common type of city of the study peri- tlements. According to Defter, there were more od. Besides, several settlements were