Notes Introduction The Waste-ern Literary Canon in the Waste-ern Tradition 1 . Zygmunt Bauman, Wasted Lives: Modernity and Its Outcasts (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2004), 26. 2 . M a r y D o u g las, Purity and Danger: An Analysis of the Concepts of Pollution and Taboo (London: Routledge, 1966/2002), 2, 44. 3 . S usan Signe Morrison, E xcrement in the Late Middle Ages: Sacred Filth and Chaucer’s Fecopoeticss (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), 153–158. The book enacts what Dana Phillips labels “excremental ecocriticism.” “Excremental Ecocriticism and the Global Sanitation Crisis,” in M aterial Ecocriticism , ed. Serenella Iovino and Serpil Oppermann (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2014), 184. 4 . M o r r i s o n , Excrementt , 123. 5 . Dana Phillips and Heather I. Sullivan, “Material Ecocriticism: Dirt, Waste, Bodies, Food, and Other Matter,” Interdisci plinary Studies in Literature and Environment 19.3 (Summer 2012): 447. “Our trash is not ‘away’ in landfills but generating lively streams of chemicals and volatile winds of methane as we speak.” Jane Bennett, Vibrant Matter: A Political Ecology of Things (Durham: Duke University Press, 2010), vii. 6 . B e n n e t t , Vibrant Matterr , viii. 7 . I b i d . , vii. 8 . S e e F i gures 1 and 2 in Vincent B. Leitch, Literary Criticism in the 21st Century: Theory Renaissancee (London: Bloomsbury, 2014). 9 . Pippa Marland and John Parham, “Remaindering: The Material Ecology of Junk and Composting,” Green Letters: Studies in Ecocriticism 18.1 (2014): 1. 1 0 . S c o t t S lovic, “Editor’s Note,” Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 20.3 (2013): 456. 1 1 . M a r k Edmundson, “Against Readings,” The Chronicle of Higher Education , April 24, 2009: B7–B10. 12 . V é ronique Bragard, “Introduction: Languages of Waste: Matter and Form in Our Garb-age,” Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environmentt 20.3 (2013): 459. The special issues were Critical Inquiry 30 (2004) and PMLA 125 (2010). 202 ● Notes 1 3 . J a m e s J o yce, “The Grandeur That Was Rome,” Ulysses (New York, 1961), 131. Cited by Richard Neudecker, Die Pracht der Latrine. Zum Wandel ö ffentlicher Bed ü rfnisanstalten in der kaiserzeitlichen Stadt. Studien zur antiken Stadt, vol. 1 (Munich: Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, 1994), 7. 1 4 . A n o n y m o u s r e a der of a proposed article on excrement in the Middle Ages, which ultimately became a chapter of Morrison, Excrement t . 1 5 . H e i n r i c h B ö ll, “In Defense of ‘Rubble Literature,’ ” in Stories, Political Writings, and Autobiographical Works , ed. Martin Black, trans. Leila Vennewitz (New York: Continuum, 2006), 274. 1 6 . I bid., 272–273. 1 7 . P a t r i c i a Y a e ger, “Editor’s Column: The Death of Nature and the Apotheosis of Trash; or, Rubbish Ecology,” PMLA 123 (2008): 338. 1 8 . I b i d . , 325. 19 . Sarah Lyall, “Whimsical Works of Art, Found Sticking to the Sidewalk,” The New York Timess , June 14, 2011, accessed November 22, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com /2011/06/14/world/europe/14muswell.html?_r=1&ref=global-home . 20 . Rubbish ecology witnesses “the act of saving and savoring debris.” Yaeger, “Editor’s Column,” 329. Also Morrison, E xcrement , Chapter 6 . 2 1 . See Morrison, Excrement, for a fuller discussion of waste studies with a focus on Piers Plowman , Wynnere and Wastouree, and Chaucer, especially 129–151; see also Eleanor Johnson, “The Poetics of Waste: Medieval English Ecocriticism,” PMLA 127.3 (2012): 460–476; and Vin Nardizzi on an assess- ment of “Medieval Ecocriticism,” postmedieval: a journal of medieval cultural studies 4.1 (2013): 112–123. 2 2 . S t e v e n J o hnson, “Tool for Thought,” The New York Times Book Revieww , January 30, 2005, accessed October 18, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/30/books /review/30JOHNSON.html . 2 3 . W . J . T . M i t c hell, “Medium Theory: Preface to the 2003 Critical Inquiry Symposium,” Critical Inquiry 30 (2004): 328. 2 4 . E lizabeth V. Spelman, “Combing Through Trash: Philosophy Goes Rummaging,” The Massachusetts Review 52.2 (2011): 324. Will Viney con- templates the academic compulsion to examine waste in W aste: A Philosophy of Things (London: Bloomsbury, 2014), 181. 25 . Susan Stanford Friedman, “Why Not Compare?,” PMLA 126.3 (2011): 753– 762. She uses I. A. Richards’s foundational articulation about how metaphor works, whereby metaphor uses the vehiclee (an image) “to explain something else (the tenor).” The tenor remains primary, the vehicle secondary, though, as Friedman points out, “in much poetic language, the vehicle steals the show, however much it appears to serve the tenor . In a world structured in domi- nance, why should one thing exist to explain another instead of being seen as a thing in itself?” (754). 2 6 . I bid., 755. In fact, she concludes, “in the end it is worse not to compare than to compare” (756). 2 7 . T homas Claviez, “Done and Over With—Finally? Otherness, Metonymy, and the Ethics of Comparison,” PMLA 128.3 (2013): 609, 613. Since the other “is always contingent on the self and thus never stands in a metaphoric, Notes ● 203 comparative relation to the self . this relation has to be reconceived as a met- onymic one” (613). 2 8 . T i m o t h y Morton, E cology without Nature: Rethinking Environmental Aesthetics (Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2007), 175. 29 . Friedman, “Why Not Compare?,” 758. She cites Djelal Kadir, “Comparative Literature Hinternational,” in Comparative Literature: States of the Artt, ed. Djelal Kadir, Special issue of World Literature Today 69.2 (1995): 245–303, here 246; and Kenneth Reinhard, “Kant with Sade, Lacan with Levinas,” MLNN 110.4 (1995): 785–808. 3 0 . F r i e dman, “Why Not Compare?,” 759. 3 1 . L o i s P a r kinson Zamora, “Eccentric Periodization: Comparative Perspectives on the Enlightenment and the Baroque,” PMLA 128.3 (2013): 690–697. See Tim Edenson, “Waste Matter: The Debris of Industrial Ruins and the Disordering of the Material World,” Journal of Material Culturee 10.3 (2005): 312. 32 . Nirvana Tanoukhi, “The Movement of Specificity,” P MLA 128.3 (2013): 669. See Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, “The Danger of a Single Story,” TED Talks , October 2009, accessed November 27, 2014, http://www.ted.com/speakers /chimamanda_ngozi_adichie . 33 . Vilashini Cooppan, “Net Work: Area Studies, Comparison, and Connectivity,” PMLA 128.3 (2013): 616. I am aware of the inherent dangers of articulating literary waste relations in this way. See Robert T. Tally, Jr., “World Literature and Its Discontents,” English Language and Literaturee 60.3 (2014): 401–402. 34 . Kate Soper, “Response Essay: The Postmedieval Project: Promise and Paradox,” postmedieval: a journal of medieval cultural studies 1 (2010): 259–260; also Kate Soper, “Waste Matters,” Capitalism, Nature, Socialism 1 4.2 (2003): 129. Gee contends that waste is “always madee , not found.” Sophie Gee, Making Waste: Leftovers and the Eighteenth-Century Imagination (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010), 9. 3 5 . “ A bout Discard Studies,” accessed November 22, 2014, http://discardstudies .com/about/ . 3 6 . I bid., and http://discardstudies.com/2014/09/04/why-discard-studies-why-not -waste-studies-2/ . In her column “Why ‘Discard Studies’? Why not ‘Waste Studies?’ ” from September 4, 2013, Liboiron continues, “While discard stu dies is absolutely about the material and especially the materiality of what is thrown away, it is more about the mass of social, political, cultural, technical and economic systems around the object that premises or supports its status as waste or wasted.” 37 . Waste specifically signifying useless or worthless refuse or trash dates from c. 1450 according to the Middle English Dictionaryy. See also Steven Connor, “Exhaust: On Aerial Rejectamenta,” in Aesthetic Fatigue: Modernity and the Language of Wastee, ed. John Scanlan and John F. M. Clark (Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars, 2013), 72. 38 . For more on the history of the word, see Viney, Wastee , 18. 39 . Valerie Allen, “Commentary on Susan Signe Morrison’s Waste Studies—A New Paradigm for Literary Analysis: Something Is Rotten in the Denmark of Beowulf f and Hamlett ,” The 2009 Compass Interdisciplinary Virtual 204 ● Notes Conference, accessed October 18, 2014, http://compassconference.files.word press.com/2009/10/civc-commentary-valerie-allen-john-jay-college-cuny-on -waste-studies-a-new-paradigm-for-literary-analysis-susan-signe-morrison. pdf . 4 0 . A dditionally, as Suzanne Raitt argues, “To call something ‘waste’ [as opposed to ‘rubbish, ‘garbage,’ and ‘litter’] is to invoke its history.” “Psychic Waste: Freud, Fechner, and the Principle of Constancy,” in Culture and Waste: The Creation and Destruction of Value , ed. Gay Hawkins and Stephen Muecke (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2003), 73. For Gee, Raitt’s point shows how “a narrative of its production is what distinguishes waste from all other types of leftover.” Gee, Making Wastee, 9. 4 1 . “ M e t a p horically capacious,” waste encompasses “categories of garbage, shit, sexual excess, economic surplus, unproductive labor, idleness, and aesthetic imbalance.” Christopher Schmidt, The Poetics of Waste: Queer Excess in Stein, Ashbery, Schuyler, and Goldsmith (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 16. 4 2 . G e e , Making Wastee, 5. 43 . Serenella Iovino and Serpil Oppermann, “Material Ecocriticsm: Materiality, Agency, and Models of Narrativity,” Ecozon@ 3.1 (2012): 83. 44 . Tadeusz S ł awek, “The Vase and Broken Pieces: Productivity and the Margin of Waste,” in Rubbish, Waste and Litter: Culture and Its Refuse/als , ed. Tadeusz Rachwa ł (Warsaw: Wydawnictwo SWPS Academica, 2008), 19.