The Saber and Scroll Journal Volume 8, Number 3 • Spring 2020 © 2020 Policy Studies Organization TABLE OF CONTENTS Welcome Letter ...................................................................................................... 1 Lew Taylor Reconnecting America: P.T. Barnum and the Transcontinental Railroad ................................................................................................................. 3 Chelsea Tatham Zukowski Soviet Russia’s Reaction to the Nazi Holocaust and the Implications of the Suppression of Jewish Suffering ............................................................... 17 Mike Pratt Tea Table Sisterhood and Rebel Dames: The Contributions of Women Jacobites 1688–1788 .............................................................................. 37 Gina Pittington The Hitler Youth & Communism: The Impacts of a Brainwashed Generation in Post-War Politics in Eastern Germany ...................................... 63 Devin Davis The Effects of the Bolshevik Revolution Of 1917: A Case Study ...................... 81 Mason Krebsbach Reinhard Heydrich and the Development of the Einsatzgruppen, 1938–1942 ............................................................................................................ 99 William E. Brennan Book Review: Tom Chaffin. Revolutionary Brothers: Thomas Jefferson, the Marquis de Lafayette, and the Friendship that Helped Forge Two Nations ............................................................................................................... 115 Peggy Kurkowski Book Review: Albion Tourgee. A Fool’s Errand, By One of the Fools: A Novel of the South During Reconstruction .................................................... 119 Meg Groeling cont’d. Book Review: Nancy Goldstone. Daughters of the Winter Queen: Four Remarkable Sisters, the Crown of Bohemia, and the Enduring Legacy of Mary, Queen of Scots ......................................................................... 123 Kathleen Guler Review: Stagville State Historic Site ................................................................. 127 Deanna Simmons Saber & Scroll Historical Journal Submission Guidelines .............................. 131 The Saber and Scroll Journal • Volume 8, Number 3 • Spring 2020 Welcome Letter elcome to the Spring 2020 issue of The Saber & Scroll Journal. The jour- nal staff hopes that all of you are surviving “shelter-in-place” and “so- cial distancing” during this challenging period and that everyone is in Wgood health. Fortunately for the staff of theSaber & Scroll, social distancing is not a problem because we are spread all over the country. We believe you will enjoy this issue of the journal because, like other issues, it covers a broad range of topics. Included are featured articles from “Tea-Table Sisterhood and Rebel Dames” to “P.T. Barnum and the Transcontinental Railroad.” Other manuscripts include “Reinhard Heydrich and the Development of the Ein- satzgruppen,” “The Hitler Youth & Communism,” and “The Effects of the Bolshe- vik Revolution.” Also in this issue, you will find several excellent book reviews and a museum review. If you would like to submit an article, book, or museum review for consid- eration, please check out the submission guidelines included in this issue. Do you have any comments you would like to make? If so, please submit those as well, as a “Letter to the Editor.” Again, we hope everyone is well. This crisis, like many others we have faced, will pass. Our hope is that it makes us all stronger and wiser. Lew Taylor EIC, The Saber & Scroll Journal 1 doi: 10.18278/sshj.8.3.1 The Saber and Scroll Journal • Volume 8, Number 3 • Spring 2020 Reconnecting America: P.T. Barnum and the Transcontinental Railroad Chelsea Tatham Zukowski American Public University Abstract Two uniquely American elements formed during Reconstruction that carried the country into the Gilded Age in the late nineteenth century: P.T. Barnum’s Greatest Show and the Transcontinental Railroad. While the Transcontinental Railroad—completed in 1869—physically connected America’s east and west coasts for the first time, Barnum’s family-friendly, extravagant circus of animals and curiosities connected cultures and showed the profitability and importance of technology-driven entertainment. Barnum’s circus was considered an “amusement miracle” in the nineteenth centu- ry, and reporters compared the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad to the first shot fired at Lexington. Both marked other revolutions in American history: technology, transportation, and entertainment. Both the Transcontinental Railroad and Barnum’s circus made the country feel less like a vast frontier and more like a connected community during the Reconstruction years of politi- cal, economic, and cultural upheaval. Keywords: Transcontinental Railroad, railroad, nineteenth centu- ry, golden spike, P.T. Barnum, greatest show, circus, gilded age, re- construction, post-civil war Reconectando a Estados Unidos: P.T. Barnum y el ferrocarril transcontinental Resumen Dos elementos exclusivamente estadounidenses se formaron du- rante la Reconstrucción que llevó al país a la Edad Dorada a fines del siglo XIX: P.T. El mayor espectáculo de Barnum y el ferrocar- ril transcontinental. Mientras que el Ferrocarril Transcontinental, terminado en 1869, conectaba físicamente las costas este y oeste de 3 doi: 10.18278/sshj.8.3.2 The Saber and Scroll Estados Unidos por primera vez, el circo extravagante de animales y curiosidades de Barnum, familiar, conectaba culturas y mostraba la rentabilidad e importancia del entretenimiento impulsado por la tecnología. El circo de Barnum fue considerado un “milagro de diversión” en el siglo XIX, y los periodistas compararon la final- ización del Ferrocarril Transcontinental con el primer disparo con- tra Lexington. Ambos marcaron otras revoluciones en la historia estadounidense: tecnología, transporte y entretenimiento. Tanto el Ferrocarril Transcontinental como el circo de Barnum hicieron que el país se sintiera menos como una vasta frontera y más como una comunidad conectada durante los años de Reconstrucción de agitación política, económica y cultural. Palabras clave: ferrocarril transcontinental, ferrocarril, siglo XIX, espiga dorada, P.T. Barnum, gran espectáculo, circo, edad dorada, reconstrucción, post Guerra Civil 重新连接美国：P.T.巴纳姆与横贯大陆铁路 摘要 十九世纪末美国重建时期形成的两个美国元素将该国带入镀 金时代：P.T.巴纳姆的最棒的表演和横贯大陆铁路。1869年 建成的横贯大陆铁路从客观上第一次连接了美国的东西海 岸，而巴纳姆带领的老少皆宜的、由动物与罕物组成的奇特 马戏团则连接了不同文化，展现了由科技驱动的娱乐模式的 盈利性和重要性。巴纳姆的马戏团被视为19世纪的“娱乐奇 迹”，而横贯大陆铁路的建成被记者比作莱克星顿打响的第 一枪。二者都标志着美国历史上的其他革命：技术、运输、 娱乐。二者都让人感觉美国在发生政治、经济、文化剧变的 重建时期更像一个互联的社群，而不是一个广阔的边远地 区。 关键词：横贯大陆铁路，铁路，十九世纪，金色道 钉，P.T.巴纳姆，最棒的表演，马戏团，镀金时代，重建（ 时期），内战后时期 4 Reconnecting America: P.T. Barnum and the Transcontinental Railroad ollowing the Civil War, two the nineteenth century saw the Unit- uniquely American elements car- ed States establish the foundations of ried the country into the Gilded a unique culture of entertainment and FAge and the beginning of the twentieth leisure held up by economic progress century: P.T. Barnum’s Greatest Show and advances in technology. Barnum’s and the Transcontinental Railroad. traveling circus and the Transconti- While England’s Philip Astley is cred- nental Railroad were two of the biggest ited with founding the modern circus drivers of Reconstruction and Gilded and bringing some of his acts to the Age American culture going into the United States in the later 1700s, the fa- turn of the twentieth century. ther of the modern American circus is At 2:47 p.m. on May 10, 1869, Phineas Taylor Barnum (1810–1891). the “Continent was spanned with iron” His original American Museum flour- as the last spike was driven into the ished during and after the Civil War de- ground, marking the completion of the spite multiple fires destroying much of Transcontinental Railroad by joining his curiosities. Barnum took to the rails the Union Pacific and Central Pacif- with his extravagant showmanship and ic railways.1 A New York Times article a circus of animals and actors, which he printed the telegrams that were sent marketed as family-friendly and educa- across the country during the momen- tional. Barnum began using the newly tous moment and described the Golden finished Transcontinental Railroad in Spike ceremony at Promontory Point in 1872, a ribbon of iron that stretched Utah that celebrated one of the greatest from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, achievements of Americans of the nine- and for the first time, connected Amer- teenth century after winning the Civil ica’s east and west coasts. War and abolishing slavery.2 Connect- The completion of the railroad ing the two railway lines from Omaha, known as the Pacific Railway revolu- Nebraska, to Sacramento, California, tionized the country’s economy and is still considered a feat of engineering culture during Reconstruction. It not and has been called the “Eighth Won- only provided more efficient means of der of the World.”3 A now-iconic photo- transporting goods and people around graph from the Golden Spike ceremony the country, it physically connected a shows dozens of men gathered at the nation that was struggling to reunify it- site where locomotives from the Union self after secession and civil war. When Pacific and Central Pacific railways met the Golden Spike was pounded into the for the first time. Samuel S. Montague, ground to signal the completion of the Central Pacific Railroad’s chief engi- Pacific Railway, the United States was neer, and Grenville M. Dodge, Union in