LAUNCESTON HERITAGE STUDY STAGE 1: THEMATIC HISTORY Prepared by Ian Terry & Nathalie Servant for Launceston City Council July 2002 © Launceston City Council Cover. Launceston in the mid nineteenth century (Sarah Ann Fogg, Launceston: Tamar Street Bridge area , Allport Library & Museum of Fine Arts, State Library of Tasmania). C O N T E N T S The Study Area ........................................................................................................................1 The Study .................................................................................................................................2 Authorship................................................................................................................................2 Methodology ............................................................................................................................2 Acknowledgments....................................................................................................................3 Abbreviations ...........................................................................................................................3 HISTORIC CONTEXT Introduction..............................................................................................................................4 1 Environmental Context .........................................................................................................5 2 Human Settlement.................................................................................................................6 2.1 Aboriginal Occupation ..........................................................................................6 2.1.1 Pre Contact History ...............................................................................6 2.1.2 Aboriginal Resistance and Displacement..............................................6 2.1.3 Palawa in the Twentieth Century ..........................................................7 2.2 Settlement Patterns................................................................................................7 2.2.1 Early Settlement ....................................................................................7 2.3 Convictism.............................................................................................................12 2.4 Migration...............................................................................................................13 3 Economic Development ........................................................................................................15 3.1 Marine Exploration ...............................................................................................15 3.2 Terrestrial Exploration ..........................................................................................15 3.3 Exploiting Natural Resources................................................................................15 3.3.1 Hunting..................................................................................................15 3.3.2 Whaling and Fishing..............................................................................15 3.3.3 Mining and Quarrying ...........................................................................16 3.3.4 Timber Based Industries........................................................................16 3.4 Primary Production................................................................................................18 3.4.1 Grazing ..................................................................................................18 3.4.2 Agriculture.............................................................................................19 3.5 Communication .....................................................................................................20 3.5.1 Postal Services.......................................................................................20 3.5.2 Electronic Communication....................................................................21 3.6 Transport ...............................................................................................................22 3.6.1 Shipping and Harbour Facilities............................................................22 3.6.2 Railways and Tramways........................................................................26 3.6.3 Roads and Bridges.................................................................................28 3.6.4 Air Transport .........................................................................................30 3.7 Environmental Manipulation.................................................................................30 3.7.1 Natural Disasters ...................................................................................30 3.7.2 Land Clearing ........................................................................................31 3.8 Industrial Development .........................................................................................32 3.8.1 Processing Food and Drink ...................................................................32 3.8.2 Manufacturing .......................................................................................34 3.9 Finance ..................................................................................................................41 3.10 Depression...........................................................................................................41 3.11 Retailing and Commerce .....................................................................................41 3.12 Media...................................................................................................................42 3.13 Entertainment Industry........................................................................................42 3.14 Medicine..............................................................................................................43 4 Township Development ........................................................................................................46 4.1. Selecting Township Sites .....................................................................................46 4.2 Suburbanisation.....................................................................................................46 4.2.1 Public Housing ......................................................................................56 4.3 Services................................................................................................................. 57 4.3.1 Light & Power ...................................................................................... 57 4.3.2 Water..................................................................................................... 59 4.3.3 Fire Prevention...................................................................................... 59 4.3.4 Sewerage............................................................................................... 60 4.3.5 Garbage Tips......................................................................................... 61 5 Employment.......................................................................................................................... 62 5.1 Convict Labour ..................................................................................................... 62 5.2 Women and Children............................................................................................ 62 5.3 Unions................................................................................................................... 63 5.4 Crime .................................................................................................................... 63 5.5 Unemployment...................................................................................................... 63 6 Education.............................................................................................................................. 65 6.1. Libraries and Mechanics Institutes...................................................................... 65 6.1.1 Libraries................................................................................................ 65 6.1.2 Mechanics Institute............................................................................... 65 6.2 Schools.................................................................................................................. 65 6.2.1 Government Schools............................................................................. 66 6.2.2 Private Schools ..................................................................................... 67 6.3 Tertiary Education................................................................................................ 69 7 Government .......................................................................................................................... 70 7.1 Colonial Government............................................................................................ 70 7.2 Promoting Democracy and Protesting.................................................................. 71 7.3 Local Government ................................................................................................ 71 7.4 Federation ............................................................................................................. 73 7.5 Police and Justice ................................................................................................