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University Micrdfilms International 300 N. Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 8400224 Jenkinson, John Joseph MITOTIC AND CHROMOSOMAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE NORTH AMERICAN NAIADES (BIVALVIA:UNIONACEA) The Ohio State University Ph.D. 1983 University Microfilms International300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 MITOTIC AND CHROMOSOMAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE NORTH AMERICAN NAIADES (BIVALVIArUNIONACEA) DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By John Joseph Jenkinson, B.S., M.S. * * * * * The Ohio State University 1983 Reading Committee: Approved By Dr. David H. Stansbery, Adviser Dr. Ted M. Cavender Dr. Barry D. Valentine Advi ser Department of Zoology ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In my mind this document would not be complete without the grateful acknowledgement of contributions made by others. The taxonomic breadth of this survey would have been considerably more narrow had it not been for the assistance of many collectors. Their names appear in the Appendix; however, those citations do not include sufficient indication of the personal time and expense they gave to this project. The extended collecting trip to Alabama and surrounding states was made possible by receipt of a Mary H. Osburn Memorial Fund Summer Fellowship from the Graduate School of The Ohio State University. This also is an appropriate place to thank Dr. David H. Stansbery for the wealth of malacological and ecological information he has helped me learn during the last 20 years. In more recent years, Tennessee Valley Authority staff members Ben Jaco, Gordon Hall and, lately, Billy Carroll have refused to let me forget that this task was incomplete and made time and resources available to support it. Agency professionals Dr. William C. (Clay) Barr and Thomas A. McDonough patiently assisted with the statistical analyses and interpretations, at times serving largely as informed sounding boards to help me develop my ideas. Back at Ohio State, Dr. Ted M. Cavender asked thought-provoking questions and made several suggestions that substan­ tially improved the quality of this report. Finally, there is my wife Carolyn. She collected specimens, helped prepare slides, contributed useful suggestions, provided financial support, and typed and proofread the manuscript. Her encouragement and technical help have been extremely important in bringing this long-standing project to completion. iii VITA October 16, 1942 ...................... Born - Columbus, Ohio 1963 - 1965 ................................... Museum Assistant, Department of Natural History, Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio 1964.................................................. B. S., Zoology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1965.................................................. Resident Summer Naturalist, Wahkeena Nature Preserve, Fairfield County, Ohio 1966 - 1969 ............................... Active Duty, U. S. Navy: Officer Candidate School, Newport, Rhode Island USS Bayfield, Homeport Long Beach, California Naval Communications Station, Exmouth, Western Australia 1970 - 1971 ............................... Assistant Curator for Science Education, Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio 1972 ................................................ Graduate Library Assistant, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 1973 ................................................ Graduate Teaching Assistant, Department of Zoology-Entomology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 1973 ................................................ M. S ., Zoology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 1975 - 1978 ............................... Graduate Teaching Associate, Department of Zoology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1975 ................................................ Mary H. Osburn Memorial Fund Summer Fellow, Graduate School, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio iv 1977 ................................................ Research Associate, Department of Zoology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1978 - present .......................... Biologist (Malacologist), Fisheries and Aquatic Ecology Branch, Tennessee Valley Authority, Knoxville, Tennessee Pub!ications Jenkinson, John J. 1975. Topic 19 Ecology. Pages 71-75 _IN Grubb, T. C., ed., A Manual for Zoology, 2nd., Burgess Publishing Company, Minneapolis, Minnesota. __________________ . 1975. The fall line as a barrier to the distribution of some unionids. Bulletin of the American Malacological Union for 1974:30-31. 1977. Chromosome numbers of some North American naiades (Bivalvia:Unionacea). Bulletin of the American Malacolog­ ical Union for 1975:16-17. __________________ and F. L. Kokai. 1978. Villosa lienosa in Ohio. Bulletin of the American Malacological Union for 1977:82-83. __________________ . 1979. The occurrence and spread of Corbicula manilensis (Philippi, 1841) in east-central Alabama. Nautilus, 93(4):149-153. __________________ .. 1981. The Tennessee Valley Authority Cumberlandian Mollusk Conservation Program. Bulletin of the American Malacolog­ ical Union for 1980:62-63. __________________ . 1982. Endangered or threatened aquatic mollusks for the Tennessee River system. Bulletin of the American Malacological Union for 1981:43-45. __________________ . 1982. Cumberlandian Mollusk Conservation Program. Hi Miller, A. C., compiler. Report of Freshwater Mollusks Workshop 19-20 May 1981. U.S. Army Engineer Waterway Experiment Station, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi. Pg. 95-103. __________________ . (1983). Status report on the Tennessee Valley Authority Cumberlandian Mollusk Conservation Program. IN Miller, A. C., compiler. Report of Freshwater Mollusks Workshop 26-27 October 1982. U.S. Army Engineer Waterway Experiment Station, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi. In Press. v Fields of Study Major field: Zoology Studies in Systematic Malacology: Dr. David H. Stansbery Studies in Freshwater Biology: Dr. David H. Stansbery TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................ i1 VITA............................................................................................................................. iv LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................ ix LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................ xvii INTRODUCTION .............................................................. 1 Naiades and their Classification ............................................ 3 Naiad Chromosomes ............................................................................... 8 Chromosome and Cytogenetics Background ............................... 11 METHODS.................................................................................................................. 14 Slide Preparation Technique ......................................................... 15 Identification and Disposition of Specimens ...................... 21 Unresolved Problems ........................................................................... 21 Location and Analysis of Chromosome Spreads ...................... 23 RESULTS.................................................................................................................. 25 Species Accounts ............................................................................... 32 DISCUSSION I: NAIAD MITOTIC ACTIVITY ................................................. 131