Barbara Tokarska-Guzik The Establishment and Spread of Alien Plant Species (Kenophytes) in the Flora of Poland Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego • Katowice 2005 The Establishment and Spread of Alien Plant Species (Kenophytes) in the Flora of Poland To my husband PRACE NAUKOWE UNIWERSYTETU ŚLĄSKIEGO W KATOWICACH NR 2372 Barbara Tokarska-Guzik The Establishment and Spread of Alien Plant Species (Kenophytes) in the Flora of Poland Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego Katowice 2005 Editor of the Series: Biologia Paweł Migula Reviewers Bogdan Jackowiak Adam Zając Cover design: Marek Francik Published by Executive Editor: Wioletta Tomala-Kania Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego Technical Editor: Barbara Arenhóvel ul. Bankowa 12B, 40-007 Katowice www.wydawnictwo.us.edu.pl Proof-reader: Grażyna Wojdała e-mail: [email protected] Copyright © 2005 by First impression. Edition: 200 + 50. Printed sheets: 24,5 + insert. Publishing sheets: 31,5. Passed to the Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego Printing House in September 2005. Signed for print- Ali rights reserved ing and printing fmished in December 2005. C ena 57 zł ISSN 0208-6336 Czerny Marian. Firma Prywatna „GREG” ISBN 83-226-1485-3 Zakład Poligraficzny ul. Wrocławska 10, 44-110 Gliwice Contents A cknow ledgem ents........................................................................................................................................................ 9 PART ONE T h eo retica l o v e r v i e w ............................................................................................................................................ 11 1. Introduction. The subject, objectives and the scope of this study: The role of kenophytes in the flora as representations of the anthropogenic alteration of v e g e ta tio n .............................................................. 11 2. Review of studies on selected aspects of synanthropisation of the vegetation cover............................ 14 2.1. The history of studies on alien plant species in Poland viewed against the situation in Europę as a whole................................................................................................................................................................... 14 2.2. Synanthropisation: the essence of the process and the role of kenophytes in the changes occurring in the natural environment on E a r t h ........................................................................................................... 19 PART TWO T erm inology a n d m e th o d o lo g y ............................................................................................................................ 23 3. Phytogeographical terminology and the classification of synanthropic plants used in Poland . 23 4. Materials and m e th o d s ............................................................................................................................................. 24 4.1. Selection of species and their s t a t u s ........................................................................................................... 24 4.2. Sources and characteristics of the floristic data used................................................................... ..... 25 4.3. List of kenophytes and the scope of the information collected in order to characterise them . 26 4.4. Cartogrammes and their a n a ly s is ................................................................................................................ 27 4.5. Use, interpretation and synthesis of d ata..................................................................................................... 27 PART THREE A nalysis an d sy n th esis o f d a t a ............................................................................................................................ 29 5. Geographical and ecological characteristics of the flora of kenophytes in P o la n d ............................ 29 5.1. Proportion of kenophytes in the recent f l o r a .......................................................................................... 29 5.1.1. General r e m a r k s ................................................................................................................................. 29 5.1.2. O r ig in ........................................................................................................................................................ 30 5.1.3. Timing and method of a r r i v a l ........................................................................................................... 31 5.1.4. Systematic g r o u p s ................................................................................................................................. 31 5.1.5. Groups of life f o r m s ............................................................................................................................ 34 5.1.6. Biological p ro p e rtie s ............................................................................................................................ 35 5.1.7. Freąuency and status in the f l o r a ..................................................................................................... 36 5.2. Kenophytes in historical accounts of floras................................................................................................ 40 5.2.1. “Old” f l o r a s ............................................................................................................................................. 40 5.2.2. The “oldest” arrivals among the kenophytes and the fairly recent o n e s ............................ 46 5.2.3. The most freQuent kenophytes in the floras of subseQuent historical periods....................... 46 6. Current types of distribution of kenophytes in Poland.................................................................................... 53 6.1. Kenophytes with stations scattered throughout Poland except for in certain regions .... 54 6.1.1. Sisymbrium altissimum g r o u p ........................................................................................................... 55 6.1.2. Diplotaxis tenuifolia g r o u p ................................................................................................................. 56 6.2. Kenophytes with scattered stations over the whole territory of Poland, with concentrations of morę freQuent stations in some r e g io n s ................................................................................................................. 56 6.2.1. Bunias orientalis g r o u p ....................................................................................................................... 57 6.2.2. Geranium pyrenaicum g r o u p ............................................................................................................ 58 6.2.3. Echinocystis lobata g r o u p ................................................................................................................. 59 6.3. Kenophytes (contemporarily) reaching their limit of distribution in P o la n d ............................ 60 6.3.1. Western l i m i t ........................................................................................................................................ 60 6.3.2. Eastern l i m i t ........................................................................................................................................ 61 6.3.3. Northern l i m i t .................................................................................................................................. 62 6.4. Kenophytes associated with river v a lle y s ................................................................................................ 64 6.5. Kenophytes associated with urban areas and railway ro u tes............................................................... 66 7. The history of the spread of selected kenophyte species in the territory of Poland ............................ 67 7.1. The history of the spontaneous spread of cultivated woody plants as the result of “domesticating” s p e c i e s .............................................................................................................................................................. 67 Acer negundo L..................................................................................................................................... 67 Padus serotina (Ehrh.) Borkh........................................................................................................... 68 Ailanthus altissima (Mili.) Sw ingle................................................................................................ 71 Clematis vitalba L................................................................................................................................ 71 7.2. The history of the spread of useful herbaceous plant species: how medicinal and decorative plants have established themseWes in the f l o r a ..................................................................................... 74 7.2.1. Examples of species of European o r ig in ..................................................................................... 74 Cymbalańa muralis P. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb.................................................................... 74 Digitalis purpurea L............................................................................................................................ 74 Echinops sphaerocephalus L............................................................................................................