This page intentionally left blank The Prehistory of Asia Minor In this book, Bleda S. During¨ offers an archaeological analysis of Asia Minor, the area equated with much of modern-day Turkey, from 20,000 to 2000 BC. During this period, human societies moved from small-scale hunter-gatherer groups to complex and hierarchical communities with economies based on agriculture and industry. Dr. During¨ traces the spread of the Neolithic way of life, which ultimately reached across Eurasia, and the emergence of key human developments, including the domestication of animals, metallurgy, fortified towns, and long-distance trading networks. Situated at the junction between Europe and Asia, Asia Minor has often been perceived as a bridge for the movement of technologies and ideas. By contrast, this book argues that cultural developments followed a distinctive trajectory in Asia Minor from as early as 9000 BC. Bleda S. During¨ is a postdoctoral research Fellow and lecturer at Leiden University. He has done extensive fieldwork in Turkey and currently directs the Cide Archae- ological Project, surveying the western Turkish Black Sea region. The author of numerous articles in edited volumes and journals, such as Anatolian Studies, Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology,andArchaeological Dialogues,Dr.During¨ is also the author of Constructing Communities: Clustered Neighbourhood Settlements of the Central Anatolian Neolithic. The Prehistory of Asia Minor From Complex Hunter-Gatherers to Early Urban Societies Bleda S. During ¨ Leiden University cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao˜ Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo, Mexico City Cambridge University Press 32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, ny 10013-2473, usa www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521149815 C Bleda S. During¨ 2011 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2011 Printed in the United States of America A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data During,¨ Bleda S. The prehistory of Asia Minor : from complex hunter-gatherers to early urban societies / Bleda S. During.¨ p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-0-521-76313-4 (hardback) 1. Prehistoric peoples – Turkey. 2. Antiquities, Prehistoric – Turkey. 3. Excavations (Archaeology) – Turkey. 4. Turkey – Antiquities. I. Title. gn855.t83d87 2010 939′.2–dc22 2010015165 isbn 978-0-521-76313-4 Hardback isbn 978-0-521-14981-5 Paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. For Marianna Contents List of Figures page ix List of Tables xi Acknowledgements xiii Introduction 1 Chapter one The Land of Asia Minor 4 Chapter two Archaeology in Asia Minor 21 Chapter three Hunter-Gatherers of the Epipalaeolithic and Mesolithic (20,000–6000 BC) 31 Chapter four Early Farmers of the Southern Plateau (8500–6500 BC) 47 Chapter five Neolithic Dispersals (6500–5500 BC) 122 Chapter six Millennia in the Middle (5500–3000 BC) 200 vii viii Contents Chapter seven Elites and Commoners (3000–2000 BC) 257 Conclusions 300 Bibliography 305 Index 355 .