CC: Energy and he Year 2000 Edited by J. T.C. Sirnoes Published by SADCC Energy Yeclor ia, ca~ll;mbt,raf,ion%ill! 'Ihc Ucijei lnjriiurc The Scandinavian institute 7*hc Ro~BZSwedish of African Studies Acadmy tot Scicncus Uppsal;~,Sweden Stc~ckhnlm,Sweden ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA 2 SADCC: ENERGY AND DEVELOPMENT TO THE YEAR 2000 Edited by Jorge Tavares de Carvalho Simoes Pub1 i shed by SADCC ENERGY SECTOR in collaboration with THE BEIJER INSTITUTE THE SCANDINAVIAN INSTITUTE The Royal Swedish OF AFRICAN STUDIES Academy of Sciences Uppsala, Sweden Stockholm, Sweden The series "Energy, Environment and Development in Africa" is pub- lished jointly by the Beijer Institute and the Scandinavian Insti- tute of African Studies with financial support from the Swedish International Development Authority (SIDA). This book together with a series of companion volumes reports on a studyofEnergy and Development in the SADCC countries, jointly undertakenbythe SADCC Energy Sector and the various member states of SADCCincollaboration with the Beijer Institute. ISSN 0281-8515 ISBN 91-7106-227-0 @the Beijer Institute and the Scandinavian Institute of African Studies 1984 Printed in Sweden by Bohuslaningens AB, Uddevalla 1984 FOREWORD Energy is critical for development, but successful development requires careful p1 anning. This planning must take into account the energy requirements that are needed to power the development process. It is, therefore, a pleasure to present this initial contribution aimed at strengthening energy p1 anning capabil ity in the SADCC region. The present volume is the first of four devoted to energy in the Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC) Region. It contains the summarized results of the Regional Energy Planning Seminar run by the member-states of SADCC, coordinated by the People's Republic of Angola and hosted by the Republic of Zimbabwe, in December 1982. Member countries of SADCC initially suggested the need for such a Seminar at the United Nations Conference on New and Renewable Sources of Energy (Nairobi, 1981). Plans for the Seminar were completed in May, 1982, and at SADCC's request the necessary fieldwork required to augment the available energy data in the Region was carried out by the Beijer Institute team between June and October 1982. As a result, background documents were prepared for the Seminar. Two further v01 umes containing this background material, scheduled to appear later in this series, are devoted to individual country case studies of energy and development in the nine member states. A final background volume out1ines an analysis of industrial development is the SADCC region. The regional energy picture is positive. There are abundant supplies of commercial energy resources within the region. The challenge facing SADCC members is to devise the technical, economic, institutional and p01 iti cal arrangements that will enable these resources to be effectively utilized in the development of the Region. This is especial l y important because, without modern development, the continued re1i ance on traditional wood - and other biomass-fuels will result in environmental degradation. What is clearly required is the development of an overall energy strategy that considers both modern and traditional fuel sources and ties these resources to specific end-uses. This approach could provide accurate estimates of future demand in all energy sectors so that investments in supply can be made at the right level of response to meet these future needs. This and the subsequent volumes go some way towards establishing such a process. The work of the Beijer team members would not have been possible, if support had not so readily been given by government officials in the Region. In particular, I would like to thank the Minister for Energy and Petroleum of the People's Republic of Angola, the Hon. Pedro de Castro dos Santos Van-Dunem, and the Minister for Industry and Energy of the Republic of Zimbabwe, The Hon. Simba Makoni, M.P. for supporting these efforts. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the support at the Seminar of Secretary General F. Arthur Blumeris of the SADCC Secretariat. Our special gratitude and sincere thanks go to Professor Gordon Goodman, the Director of the Beijer Institute, to Professor Phi1 O'Keefe , Dr Barry Munslow and to other members of the Beijer team including Dr Paul Raskin of the Energy Systems Research Group for producing the ex- cellent factual and analytical backgroundmaterial forthe Seminar, for their superb feat of technical organisation that lay behind the smooth running of the Seminar, and for all their work on the contents of this Volume, particularly the Summary Overview (pp. 5 -83). I am also pleased to acknowledge the financial assistance of the Swedish International Development Authority (SIDA) which has made the original work and its present publication possible. In particular I should like to thank Mr Lars Berggren of SIDA's Industrial Division, who attended the Seminar, for his interest in the project. Finally I would like to thank Molly Akerlund of the Beijer Institute Secretariat, Tim Sheehy and Cathy Attlee of the SADCC Secretariat for providing their usual wise advice and enthusiastic support throughout the preparatory and final stages of the Seminar and June Summers for her rapid production of the typescript comprising this Volume. It is with the conviction that the material in these volumes will prove useful also in a much wider context, in addition to the original audience at the Harare Seminar, that we are undertaking its publication. However we are all very conscious of the fact that it represents onlya small con- tributiontowhat must be a continuing effort to find solutions to the problems of planning for energy provision in the SADCC Region. Jorge Tavares de Carvalho Simoes October, 1983 Regional Coordinator SADCC Energy Sector INTRODUCTION. This volume is the product of the first regional energy seminar held within the context of the Southern African Development Coordinating Coference programme. The meeting was convened in Harare (29 November to 3 December, 1982) and was hosted by the Government of the Republic of Zimbabwe and chaired by the People's Republ ic of Angol a, the country responsible for energy coordination in SADCC. It provides the first comprehensive overview of the regional energy si tuation and projections of energy demand and supply to the year 2000. The research was carried out and completed in 1982. The study involved a number of components. Firstly, detailed field research was carried out in each of the SADCC member states: Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi , Mozambique, Swazil and, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Nine in-depth country profiles were produced and these form the basis for separate and subsequent volumes. As an important cross-checking mechanism and to produce a fuller and more complete analysis, sectoral studies were also undertaken on industry, transport, demography and woodfuel. The industry study was highly detailed and had an enormous scope; this is being produced as a subsequent volume in its own right. Completed manuscripts on transport and woodfuel are obtainable from the Bei jer Institute. Copies of a1 l original materials are obtainable from the Beijer Institute, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. The present volume provides a summary overview of these findings in a concise format, picking out the dominant themes in the regional energy picture. On the demand side, the national energy accounts are examined to detail the current and future energy consumption. On the supply side, each of the major fuel sources is discussed, including biomass, and regional self-sufficency of commercial fuels.The summary document then considers policy issues. These i ncl ude, - Regional and national energy planning - Regional oil coordination - Integrated grid systems - Expanded coal utili sation - Traditional energy sources - Conservation. The possi bil ities for further action are considered incl udi ng the planning tasks, national energy assessment, regional energy assessment, regional energy projects, regional energy centres and p1 anni ng procedures. Following the overview document are the conclusions emanating from the nine member governments participating in the seminar suggesting positive ways forward for further activity in regional energy coordination. The member states of SADCC have also produced statements on their government's energy policies. These provide information on the institutional framework within which policies are formulated and implemented. They provide an assessment of energy needs and resources, examine future trends and note the shortfalls in energy data where these occur. In addition, they examine existing and projected energy development programmes. Finally, the volume includes the two important speeches made at the opening and close of the energy seminar. The first was made by Simba Makoni, Minister of Industry and Energy Development of the Republic of Zimbabwe, and the second by Pedro van-Dunem, Minister of Energy and Petroleum of the People's Republic of Angol a. -V- Energy Equivalents 3 nvert From into Mtoe Mboe Mtce Bm Gas TWh P J on tonnes oil equivalent ) 1 7.33 1.55 1.15 12.60 44.93 on barrels oil equivalent ) 0.136 1 0.21 0.156 1.71 6.17 on tonnes coal equivalent 4.74 1 0.74 8.14 29.31 9 0.65 on (10 ) ybic metres a1 gas(Bm gas) 0.87 6.41 1.34 1 10.93 39.26 datt hours (1012 watt : TWh) 0.079 0.58 0.12 0.091 1 3.6 joule (1015 joule: PJ) 0.022 0.16 0.034 0.025