DRAFT FEASIBILITY ON REHABILITATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF LBOD DRAINAGE INFRASTRUCTURE LBOD RD 789 VOLUME I MAIN REPORT SINDH WATER SECTOR IMPROVEMENT PHASE-I PROJECT Preparation of Regional Plan for the Left Bank of Indus, Delta and Coastal Zone CONVERSION FACTORS AND STANDARD DRAIN BED SLOPES Length 1m = 3.281 ft 1 km = 1000 m = 3281 ft = 0.621 mile Area 1 m2 = 10.765 ft2 1 ha = 2.471 acres 1 km2 100 ha 0.386 mile2 Volume 1 m3 = 35.320 ft3 Velocity 1 m/sec = 3.281 ft/sec Flow Rate 1 m3/sec 35.32 ft3/sec Standard Drain Bed Slopes 1:1000 = 0.001 (100 mm fall in 100 m) 1:2000 = 0.0005 (50 mm fall in 100 m) 1:3000 = 0.00033 (33 mm fall in 100 m) 1:4000 = 0.00025 (25 mm fall in 100 m) 1:5000 = 0.0002 (20 mm fall in 100 m) 1:8000 = 0.000125 (12.5 mm fall in 100 m) 1:10000 = 0.0001 (10 mm fall 'in 100 m) Page 2 of 124 SINDH WATER SECTOR IMPROVEMENT PHASE-I PROJECT Preparation of Regional Plan for the Left Bank of Indus, Delta and Coastal Zone Glossary Annual Cropped Area The sum of the areas under Kharif and Rabi crops plus twice the area under perennial crops. Bund Embankment for retaining water. A large artificial embankment which protects agricultural land from river floods. Cropping Intensity The cropped area expressed as a percentage of the CCA. Cropping Pattern The proportion of cropland devoted to each crop during the year. Crop Water Requirements The total quantity of water regardless of source required by crops for normal growth under field conditions, including irrigation, precipitation and ground water available to the crop. cfs cubic feet of water per second. Cultivable Commanded Area That portion of the cultivable area which is commanded by canal (CCA) irrigation. Fresh Ground water (FGW) Ground water of salinity less than 1400 µs/cm which can be used directly for irrigation. Gross Area (GA) The total area within the extreme limits set by a project, system or canal. Hari Share cropper Kharif Summer crop season (mid April to mid October) Maund Unit of measures (40 kg). Non-perennial Area An area which receives allocations of canal water during part of the year only, usually from 16 April to 15 October. Perennial Area An area which receives allocations of canal water throughout the year. Rabi Winter cropping season (mid October to mid April) Saline Ground Water (SGW) Ground water of salinity greater than 1400 µs/cm which cannot be used for irrigation unless mixed with other water to reduce the salinity to below 1400 µs/cm Page 3 of 124 SINDH WATER SECTOR IMPROVEMENT PHASE-I PROJECT Preparation of Regional Plan for the Left Bank of Indus, Delta and Coastal Zone Table of Contents 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 18 1.1 Study Background ......................................................................................................................... 18 1.2 Objectives of the Project ............................................................................................................... 18 1.3 The Project .................................................................................................................................... 19 1.4 Major Tasks Covered .................................................................................................................... 20 2 Review of Pervious Studies and Data Collection ................................................................................. 22 2.1 Major Drainage Studies Reviewed By the Consultants ................................................................ 22 2.1.1 Lower Indus Report .............................................................................................................. 22 2.1.2 Feasibility Study – National Drainage Program ................................................................... 22 2.2 Pre- Feasibility Study National Surface Drainage System............................................................ 23 2.2.1 Drainage Master Plan of Pakistan ......................................................................................... 23 2.2.2 Objectives of Master Plan ..................................................................................................... 23 2.2.3 Diagnostic Study of Water Management of the Left Bank Canal AWB .............................. 24 2.2.4 Review Report: International Panel of Experts (IPOE) on Drainage Master Plan. .............. 24 2.2.5 Feasibility report: Transition of SCARP Tube wells to Private Sector ................................. 25 2.3 Study of Feasibility Report of Re-Design for LBOD Stage-I Badin Area Drainage System by NESPAK ................................................................................................................................................... 26 2.3.1 Feasibility Report: Redesign of LBOD Stage-1 Badin Area Drainage System. ................... 26 3 Description of Project Area of LBOD Network ................................................................................... 28 3.1 Hydro- Geological Setup .............................................................................................................. 28 3.2 Climate .......................................................................................................................................... 28 3.3 Land Use ....................................................................................................................................... 29 3.4 Rainfall .......................................................................................................................................... 30 3.4.1 Rainfall Behavior during Extreme Storm Years ................................................................... 30 3.5 Soils of Project Area ..................................................................................................................... 34 3.6 Irrigation in LBOD Area ............................................................................................................... 35 3.6.1 Groundwater ......................................................................................................................... 36 3.6.2 Ground Water Depth in Badin Area...................................................................................... 38 3.6.3 Groundwater Quality in Badin Area ..................................................................................... 38 3.6.4 Brief Overview of Agriculture Sector in the Study Area ...................................................... 39 3.6.5 Water Logging Trends of Study Area ................................................................................... 42 3.7 Pollution Caused by Effluent of Sugar Mills ................................................................................ 46 3.8 Disaster Areas Needing Drainage Improvement ........................................................................... 46 4 Extent of LBOD Surface Drainage Network ........................................................................................ 48 4.1 Components of LBOD Drainage Network .................................................................................... 48 4.1.1 Surface Drainage System of Nawabshah Component........................................................... 49 Page 4 of 124 SINDH WATER SECTOR IMPROVEMENT PHASE-I PROJECT Preparation of Regional Plan for the Left Bank of Indus, Delta and Coastal Zone 4.1.2 West Nawabshah Main Drain (WNMD)............................................................................... 50 4.1.3 East Nawabshah Main Drain (ENMD) ................................................................................. 51 4.2 Surface Drainage System of Sanghar Component ........................................................................ 52 4.3 Sanghar Main Drain ...................................................................................................................... 52 4.4 Sinjhoro Branch Drain .................................................................................................................. 53 4.5 Patayon Branch Drain ................................................................................................................... 53 4.6 Surface Drainage System of Mirpur Khas Component ................................................................. 55 4.7 Mirpur Khas Main Drain............................................................................................................... 55 4.8 Surface Drainage System of Badin Area ...................................................................................... 57 4.9 Surface Drainage System of Kotri Barrage ................................................................................... 59 4.9.1 Fuleli Guni Outfall Drain ...................................................................................................... 59 4.9.2 Karo Ghungro Outfall Drain ................................................................................................. 59 4.10 Spinal Drain .................................................................................................................................. 60 4.11 Drainage Effluent Quality of Spinal Drain ................................................................................... 62 4.12 Terminal Structure of Spinal Drain ............................................................................................... 63 4.13 Dhoro Puran Outfall Drain (DPOD) ............................................................................................