UNIVERSITÉ LIBRE DE BRUXELLES & UNIVERSITY LUISS GUIDO CARLI Department of Political Science Normalizing and Accepting the Use of Private Military and Security Companies in the United States of America presented by MACHI, Julien (638982) In the framework of Master Thesis - Double Degree in International Relation (120 ECTS) Supervisors: Mulas, Roberta, Wasinski, Christophe Co-supervisor: Magrassi, Carlo Academic Year 2018-2019 Table of Contents List of Acronyms ....................................................................................................................... I Summary ................................................................................................................................ III Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1 Chapter I – Private Military and Security Companies: A General Overview .................. 4 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 4 1. The Resort to PMSCs in the United States of America .......................................................................... 5 1.1 An Inherent Tradition? .................................................................................................................... 5 1.2 PMSCs and the New American Way of War .................................................................................. 7 1.3 Political Ties and Affiliations ........................................................................................................ 13 2. The Study of Private Military and Security Companies ....................................................................... 16 2.1 Terminologies, Definitions and Concepts ..................................................................................... 16 2.2 Related Theories and Topics ......................................................................................................... 18 2.3 Approach and Methodology .......................................................................................................... 24 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................ 26 Chapter II – Transforming the DoD: The Doorway to Normalization ............................ 29 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 29 1. Transforming America’s Military Capability ....................................................................................... 30 1.1 Reshaping the Defense Enterprise ................................................................................................. 30 1.2 The Logistics Transformation ....................................................................................................... 35 2. The Entrepreneurial Approach and the Market-Based Model .............................................................. 41 2.1 Adopting and Adapting the Lessons of the Private Sector ............................................................ 41 2.2 Establishing a Corporate Culture within the Department of Defense ........................................... 47 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................ 54 Chapter III – The Private Military and Security Industry: The Legitimization Discourse ................................................................................................................................................. 57 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 57 1. Private Military and Security Companies as Legitimate Actors .......................................................... 58 1.1 Ethics, Standards and Professionalism .......................................................................................... 58 1.2 Legitimate Customers and Valuable Affiliations .......................................................................... 62 2. The ISOA: Legitimizing the Peace and Stability Industry ................................................................... 65 2.1 Recasting the Mercenary Label ..................................................................................................... 65 2.2 Setting a Rational Regulatory Framework .................................................................................... 71 3. Towards International Normalization and Acceptance ........................................................................ 74 3.1 Developing International Legal Tools ........................................................................................... 74 3.2 Europe and Private Military Security Companies ......................................................................... 78 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................ 84 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 87 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................... 90 Appendix............................................................................................................................... 109 List of Acronyms ASG Alexander Strategy Group BRS Brown and Root Services BUR Bottom-Up Review CIA Central Intelligence Agency CRS Congressional Research Service CSDP Common Security and Defense Policy DoD Department of Defense DoS Department of State EEAS European External Action Service EU European Union FARC Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia FTE Full Time Equivalent GAO Government Accountability Office ICoC International Code of Conduct ICoCA International Code of Conduct Association ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross IMET International Military Education and Training program ISOA International Stability Operations Association KBR Kellogg Brown and Root LOGCAP Logistics Civil Augmentation Program MEJA Military Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Act MEP Member of the European Parliament I MPRI Military Professional Resources Incorporation NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NPR National Performance Review OMB Office of Management and Budget PART Program Assessment Rating Tool PGI Patriot Group International PMA President’s Management Agenda PMC Private Military Company PMF Private Military Firm PMSC Private Military and Security Company PSC Private Security Company PSD Personal Security Detail QDR Quadrennial Defense Review RBA Revolution in Business Affairs RMA Revolution in Military Affairs SAIC Science Applications International Corporation SSR Security Sector Reform UN United Nations USAF United States Air Force USAID United States Agency for International Development II Summary Since the end of the Cold War, the United States has over-relied on private contractors to carry out military and security functions. The United States has reached a situation where the use of private military and security companies (PMSCs) in contingency operations has become an ordinary phenomenon. From the Gulf War to the War on Terror, the U.S. military has revealed to the world its growing reliance on PMSCs. The goal of this study is to understand how and why the use of these actors has become normalized and politically accepted in the United States of America. Our main assumptions suggest that a fusion of two distinct discourses have allowed to normalize and legitimize the resort to PMSCs in the United States. The first discourse is promoted by the U.S. Federal Government. The second discourse is supported by the private military and security industry. Both actors are considered as our major units of analysis. By leading a comprehensive and qualitative discourse analysis we have identified several arguments composing their discourses. Firstly, a general discourse embraced by the Clinton and George W. Bush administrations has paved the way for the normalization and political acceptance of PMSCs. This discourse aiming at transforming the U.S. Department of Defense was based on two main arguments. The first part of the discourse consisted in transforming America’s military capability. Reshaping the defense enterprise and leading a logistics transformation within the Pentagon were two urgent national defense priorities. Achieving these goals contributed to the consolidation and the normalization of resorting to PMSCs in both administrations. The second part of the discourse consisted in adopting an entrepreneurial approach and in establishing a market- based model within the Federal Government. This discourse was characterized by a glorification of the private sector. This led to a cultural change within the bureaucracy. Businesses and private companies were welcomed and accepted within the Federal Government and in particular within the DoD. In sum, the normalization and acceptance of the use of PMSCs is located at the intersection of these two arguments. Secondly, the private military and security industry has promoted a discourse aimed at legitimizing its essence and identity. This discourse is shared