Urban Transport XVIII Urban Transport and the Environment in the 21st Century WIT Press publishes leading books in Science and Technology. Visit our website for the current list of titles. www.witpress.com WITeLibrary Home of the Transactions of the Wessex Institute. Papers presented at Urban Transport 2012 are archived in the WIT eLibrary in volume 128 of WIT Transactions on the Built Environment (ISSN 1743-3509). The WIT eLibrary provides the international scientific community with immediate and permanent access to individual papers presented at WIT conferences. Visit the WIT eLibrary at www.witpress.com. EIGHTEENTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON URBAN TRANSPORT AND THE ENVIRONMENT Urban Transport XVIII CONFERENCE CHAIRMEN J.W.S. Longhurst University of the West of England, UK C.A. Brebbia Wessex Institute of Technology, UK INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY COMMITTEE S. Amirkhanian S. Basbas C. Borrego A. Daadbin L. D'Acierno M. Lambrinos J. Lumbreras B. Montella A. Pratelli J. Rosinski F. Russo M. Taniguchi Organised by Wessex Institute of Technology, UK Sponsored by WIT Transactions on the Built Environment International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning WIT Transactions Transactions Editor Carlos Brebbia Wessex Institute of Technology Ashurst Lodge, Ashurst Southampton SO40 7AA, UK Editorial Board B Abersek University of Maribor, Slovenia G Belingardi Politecnico di Torino, Italy Y N Abousleiman University of Oklahoma, R Belmans Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, USA Belgium P L Aguilar University of Extremadura, Spain C D Bertram The University of New South K S Al Jabri Sultan Qaboos University, Oman Wales, Australia E Alarcon Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, D E Beskos University of Patras, Greece Spain S K Bhattacharyya Indian Institute of A Aldama IMTA, Mexico Technology, India C Alessandri Universita di Ferrara, Italy E Blums Latvian Academy of Sciences, Latvia D Almorza Gomar University of Cadiz, Spain J Boarder Cartref Consulting Systems, UK B Alzahabi Kettering University, USA B Bobee Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Canada J A C Ambrosio IDMEC, Portugal H Boileau ESIGEC, France A M Amer Cairo University, Egypt J J Bommer Imperial College London, UK S A Anagnostopoulos University of Patras, Greece M Bonnet Ecole Polytechnique, France M Andretta Montecatini, Italy C A Borrego University of Aveiro, Portugal E Angelino A.R.P.A. Lombardia, Italy A R Bretones University of Granada, Spain H Antes Technische Universitat Braunschweig, J A Bryant University of Exeter, UK Germany F-G Buchholz Universitat Gesanthochschule M A Atherton South Bank University, UK Paderborn, Germany A G Atkins University of Reading, UK M B Bush The University of Western Australia, Australia D Aubry Ecole Centrale de Paris, France F Butera Politecnico di Milano, Italy J Augutis Vytautas Magnus University, Lithuania W Cantwell Liverpool University, UK H Azegami Toyohashi University of D J Cartwright Bucknell University, USA Technology, Japan P G Carydis National Technical University of A F M Azevedo University of Porto, Portugal Athens, Greece J Baish Bucknell University, USA J J Casares Long Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain J M Baldasano Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Spain M A Celia Princeton University, USA J G Bartzis Institute of Nuclear Technology, A Chakrabarti Indian Institute of Science, Greece India S Basbas Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, J-T Chen National Taiwan Ocean University, Greece Taiwan A Bejan Duke University, USA A H-D Cheng University of Mississippi, USA M P Bekakos Democritus University of University of Lincoln, UK Thrace, Greece J Chilton C-L Chiu University of Pittsburgh, USA K Dorow Pacific Northwest National H Choi Kangnung National University, Korea Laboratory, USA A Cieslak Technical University of Lodz, Poland W Dover University College London, UK South Bank University, UK S Clement Transport System Centre, Australia C Dowlen University of Stellenbosch, M W Collins Brunel University, UK J P du Plessis South Africa J J Connor Massachusetts Institute of R Duffell University of Hertfordshire, UK Technology, USA M C Constantinou State University of New N A Dumont PUC-Rio, Brazil York at Buffalo, USA A Ebel University of Cologne, Germany D E Cormack University of Toronto, Canada E E Edoutos Democritus University of Thrace, M Costantino Royal Bank of Scotland, UK Greece Monash University, Australia D F Cutler Royal Botanic Gardens, UK G K Egan K M Elawadly Alexandria University, Egypt W Czyczula Krakow University of Technology, Poland K-H Elmer Universitat Hannover, Germany D Elms University of Canterbury, New Zealand M da Conceicao Cunha University of Coimbra, Portugal M E M El-Sayed Kettering University, USA D M Elsom Oxford Brookes University, UK L Dávid Károly Róbert College, Hungary F Erdogan Lehigh University, USA A Davies University of Hertfordshire, UK D J Evans Nottingham Trent University, UK M Davis Temple University, USA J W Everett Rowan University, USA A B de Almeida Instituto Superior Tecnico, M Faghri University of Rhode Island, USA Portugal R A Falconer Cardiff University, UK E R de Arantes e Oliveira Instituto Superior M N Fardis University of Patras, Greece Tecnico, Portugal P Fedelinski Silesian Technical University, L De Biase University of Milan, Italy Poland R de Borst Delft University of Technology, H J S Fernando Arizona State University, Netherlands USA G De Mey University of Ghent, Belgium S Finger Carnegie Mellon University, USA A De Montis Universita di Cagliari, Italy E M M Fonseca Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Portugal A De Naeyer Universiteit Ghent, Belgium J I Frankel University of Tennessee, USA W P De Wilde Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium D M Fraser University of Cape Town, South Africa University of Calgary, Canada D De Wrachien State University of Milan, M J Fritzler Italy T Futagami Hiroshima Institute of Technology, Japan L Debnath University of Texas-Pan American, U Gabbert Otto-von-Guericke Universitat USA Magdeburg, Germany G Degrande Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, G Gambolati Universita di Padova, Italy Belgium C J Gantes National Technical University of E del Giudice University of Milan, Italy Athens, Greece S del Giudice University of Udine, Italy L Gaul Universitat Stuttgart, Germany G Deplano Universita di Cagliari, Italy A Genco University of Palermo, Italy N Georgantzis Universitat Jaume I, Spain I Doltsinis University of Stuttgart, Germany P Giudici Universita di Pavia, Italy M Domaszewski Universite de Technologie de L M C Godinho University of Coimbra, Belfort-Montbeliard, France Portugal J Dominguez University of Seville, Spain F Gomez Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Y Jaluria Rutgers University, USA Spain C M Jefferson University of the West of R Gomez Martin University of Granada, England, UK Spain M K Jha Morgan State University, USA D Goulias University of Maryland, USA P R Johnston Griffith University, Australia K G Goulias Pennsylvania State University, D R H Jones University of Cambridge, UK USA N Jones University of Liverpool, UK F Grandori Politecnico di Milano, Italy N Jovanovic CSIR, South Africa W E Grant Texas A & M University, USA D Kaliampakos National Technical University of Athens, Greece S Grilli University of Rhode Island, USA N Kamiya Nagoya University, Japan R H J Grimshaw Loughborough University, UK D L Karabalis University of Patras, Greece D Gross Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, A Karageorghis University of Cyprus Germany M Karlsson Linkoping University, Sweden R Grundmann Technische Universitat T Katayama Doshisha University, Japan Dresden, Germany K L Katsifarakis Aristotle University of A Gualtierotti IDHEAP, Switzerland Thessaloniki, Greece O T Gudmestad University of Stavanger, J T Katsikadelis National Technical Norway University of Athens, Greece R C Gupta National University of Singapore, E Kausel Massachusetts Institute of Singapore Technology, USA J M Hale University of Newcastle, UK H Kawashima The University of Tokyo, Japan K Hameyer Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B A Kazimee Washington State University, Belgium USA C Hanke Danish Technical University, S Kim University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA Denmark D Kirkland Nicholas Grimshaw & Partners K Hayami University of Toyko, Japan Ltd, UK Y Hayashi Nagoya University, Japan E Kita Nagoya University, Japan L Haydock Newage International Limited, UK A S Kobayashi University of Washington, A H Hendrickx Free University of Brussels, USA Belgium T Kobayashi University of Tokyo, Japan C Herman John Hopkins University, USA D Koga Saga University, Japan I Hideaki Nagoya University, Japan S Kotake University of Tokyo, Japan D A Hills University of Oxford, UK A N Kounadis National Technical University W F Huebner Southwest Research Institute, of Athens, Greece USA W B Kratzig Ruhr Universitat Bochum, J A C Humphrey Bucknell University, USA Germany M Y Hussaini Florida State University, USA T Krauthammer Penn State University, USA W Hutchinson Edith Cowan University, C-H Lai University of Greenwich, UK Australia M Langseth Norwegian University of Science T H Hyde University of Nottingham, UK and Technology, Norway M Iguchi Science University of Tokyo, Japan B S Larsen Technical University of Denmark, Denmark D B Ingham University of Leeds, UK F Lattarulo Politecnico di Bari, Italy L Int Panis VITO Expertisecentrum IMS, Belgium A Lebedev Moscow State University, Russia N Ishikawa National Defence Academy, Japan L J Leon University of Montreal, Canada J Jaafar UiTm, Malaysia D Lesnic University of Leeds, UK W Jager Technical University