n.n '(LI m p4T R RR II 14 R - AL 001 983 ED 030 119 By -Wardhaugh, Ronald Teaching English to Speakers ofOther Languages: The State of theArt.. Center for Applied Lingu,Stics,Washington, D.C. ERIC Clearinghousefor. Linguistics. Pub Date Aug 69 Note -26p. EDRS Price MF 10.25 HC -$1.40 Instruction, Non *English (SecondLa'n9vage), Instructional Materials, *Language Descriptc rs -Bibliographies, Surveys, *Teacher Education, English Speaking, Psycholinguistics,*Reference:..Materials, Research Needs.:. Generati:tie Grammar . *Teaching Methods, Tenl, Transformation for Linguistics This document has beencommisi(Sned, by the ERIC Clearinghouse of resoui-ces, methodologiesand activities inthe field of to provide an overview The.'a.uthor points .out the Teaching Englishto Speakers.of 'Other Languages. contributions made by variousapproa6es to language teaching andthe new insights tiiought. He also stresses into language arrivedat by differei:it,schools bf linguistic research on many leVels.His in'troduotdry reviewof the field of the need for greater reference materials; TESOL in the last twenty years isfollowed by: a list of historical of fnfOrMation on teachingmaterials, texts, andarticles mapr bibliographic sources secondary, and adult on Englishlanguage teaching. and:aselected list of elementary, been found to beuseful by teachers:"The second sectionof level texts "which have the the paper, 'Linguisticsand LanOuageTeaching," discuses(n some detail of Model sentences inthe light oftransformational relationships between sets. Teaching," generative grammar.Following sections discuss'Psychologyr.161 Language Pedagsny,." "Linguistics,.Psychology. aindPedagogy," "Teacher language Teaching followed by Training," and "Teaching aSecond-Dialect." Each section containsor is references to materials ofpar.tolarinterest to theclassro6m teacher.(AMM) )` CD reN RICEDUCATIONAL RESOURCESINFORMATION CENTER CLEARINGHOUSE FORLINGUISTICS AVENUE, N. W.,WASHINGTON, D. C.20036 CENTER FOR APPLIED LINGUISTICS,1717 MASSACHUSETTS WELFARE U.S. DEPARTMENT OFHEALTH, EDUCATION & OfFICE OF EDUCATION EXACTLY AS RECEIVEDFROM THE THIS DOCUMENT HASBEEN REPRODUCED POINTS OF VIEW OROPINIONS PERSON OR ORGANIZATIONORIGINATING IT. OFFICIAL OFFICE OfEDUCATION STATED DO NOTNECESSARILY REPRESENT POSITION OR POLICY. THE STATE OF THEART TEACHING ENGLISHTO SPEAKERS OFOTHER LANGUAGES: by RONALDWARDHAUGH AL 001983 Foreword This document has been commissioned by the ERICClearinghouse for Linguistics to provide an overview of resources,methodologies and activities in the field of TESOL. A copy of this report has been placed in the ERIC System and is available from the ERIC Document Reproduction Service. For ordering procedures consult the U.S.Office of Education monthly publication"Research in Education" or write to the Clearinghouse at 1717 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036. Points of view or opinions contained in this documentdo not necessarily represent official Office of Education position orpolicy. Comments concerning thepaper's contents should be addressed to the author at the English Language Institute, Universityof Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104. A. Hood Roberts, Director ERIC Clearinghouse for Linguistics August, 1969 ERIC Clearinghouse for Linguistics is a part ofthe Educational Resources Information Center of the U. S. Office ofEducation TEACHING ENGLISli TO SPEAKERS OPOTHER LANGUAGES The State of the Art nonald Wardhaugh 1. Background In the last twenty years the teachingof English to speakers of other languages within the United Stateshas become an in- creasingly important concern within theeducational system. The clientele is vast. It includes foreign students on universityand college campuses, foreign nationals takingspecialized types of training in military or industrialestablishments, large groups of immigrants in certain regions (for exampleoin theMiami area), and native-born non-English speaking United States citizens(for example, citizens of Spanish [either Mexican orPuerto Rican] and American Indian ancestry). Nearly all ages, language backgrounds, cultures and standards of educational attainment arerepresented in this clientele. In recent yearsItog there has been an attempt to add to it those speakers of non-standardEnglish who, it is claimed, should learn standard English as if it were anentirely new language. All of this activity is in adiition to theeffort expended in teaching English in non-English speakingcountries. In this latter kind of activity all types of organizationsfind involvement. Some of them, such as UNESCO, are internationalin scope, while others are national governmentagencies, as for example the United States Information Agency, the Agency for InternationalDevelopment, the Department of State, the Peace Corps, and so onof the United States, and the British Council of the UnitedKingdom. Private foundations have also provided support to overseas programseither in the ferm of "seed" money or for short-term projects. And, of course, within such countries the English teaching department of schools, colleges, and universities, and interested groups within industry and the professions have played a considerable part in the development of training programs in English. Some account of the history of recent experience in teaching English as a second language may be gained from the following sources: 1. Alden, Jane. "English Language Teaching Abroad." International Educational and Cultural Exchange, 33-40 (Spring, 1966). 2. Allen, Harold B. TENES: A Survey of the Teach.ing_g_English to Non-English Speakers in the United States. Champaign, Illinois: National Council of Teachers of English, 1966. 3. Brownell, John A. Japan's Second Language. Champaign, Illinois: National Council of Teachers of English, 1967. 4. Marckwardt, Albert H. "Teaching English as a Foreign Language: A Survey of the Past Decade." The Linguistic Reporter, Supplement No. 19 (October, 1967). 5. Moulton, William G. "Linguigf4re and Language Teaching in the United States, 1940-1960," in C. Mohrmann, A. Sommerfelt, and J. Whatmough, eds., Trends in European and American Linguistics, 1930-1960. Utrecht: Epectrum, 1961. 6. Ohannessian, Sirarpi. "Harpers Ferry Conference on English Teaching as a World-Wide Problem."The Linguistic Reporter, 11:2.1-5 (April, 1969). The major sources ofinformation on materials, texts,and articles on English languageteaching are as follows: Florida FL Reporter, 1. Aarons, Alfred C. "TESOL Bibliography." 5:14-15, 18-20 (Spring,1967). Allen, Harold B., ed. Linguistics andEngliELLImguistics. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1966. 3. Center for AppliedLinguistics. Aural.gAg_in_Enalish_fos Foreigners. 1964. English as a SecondLanguagp in 4. Elemeglary Schools: Backs's:pm:gland Text Materials.1967. Visual Aids fot_EgsliaLas aSecond 5. Langugag. 1965. the English- 6. Centre for Information onLanguage Teaching and Teaching Information Centreof the BritishCouncil. A Laggsmsellgaching Bibilograohy. London: Cambridge University Press, 1968. 7. Hammer, John H. and FrankA. Rice) eds., Asitliamty_of Contrastive Lin uistics. Washington, D. C.: Center for Applied Linguistics, 1965. Bibliography of Materials for 8. Kaplan, Robert B., ed. Teachers of English as aSecond Languae.Los Angeles: University of CaliforniaPress, 1966. Materials for 9. Ohannessian, Sirarpi, ed. Reference List of En lish as a SecondLanguaart 1: TextsReaders, Dictionaries, Tests. Washington, D. C.: Center for Applied Linguistics, 1964. 3 10. , ed. Reference List of Materials for English as a Second LanguagePart 2: Back round Materials and Methodology. Washington, D. C.: Center for Applied Linguistics, 1966. 11. ed. Selected List of Materials for Teachers of Engliskto_Soeallers of Other Languages. Washington, D. C.: Center for Applied Linguistics, 1967. 12. and Dorothy A. Pedtke, eds. Selected List of Materials for Teachers of En lish to S eakers of Other Languages. Washington, D. C.: Center for Applied Linguistics, 1967. 13. and Ruth E. Wineberg, eds. Teaching En lish as a Second Language in Adult Education Programs: An Annotated Biblioraphy. Washington, D. C.: Center for Applied Linguistics, 1966. 14. Pedtke, Dorothy A., Bernarda Erwin, and Anna Maria Malkog, eds. Reference List of Materials for English as a Second lanzagss_,.....ARREL.e.L,ent1964-1968. Washington, D. C.: Center for Applied Linguistics, 1969. 15. Rice, Frank A. and Allene Guss. Information Sources in Lin uistics: A Biblio raphioal Handbook. Washington, D. C.: Center for Applied Linguistics, 1965. Among those courses which have been found to beuseful by teachers are the following: A. Elementary and Secondary Level: 1. American English Series. English as a Second Language. Boston: D.C. Heath, 1965-. 4 5 vols. New York: 2. Bumpass, Faye L. The New We Leaxn_EnalLeh. American Book Company, 1968. 16 vols. 3. English Language Services. English This Way. New York: Collier-Macmillan, 1963-65. Experimental Edition. 4. Miami Liaguistic Readers. 53 vols. Boston: D. C. Heath, 1964-66. 4.n.g1.4.sh for Today. 5. National Council of Teachers ofEnglish. 3 vols. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1962-66. 4 vols. New York: 6. Teaching English to Puerto RicanPupils. Bard of Education, NewYorl, City, 1957. 6 vols. New York: 7. Wheeler, Gonzalez. Let's SpeakInglish. McGraw-Hill, 1967. B. Adult Level: 13 vols. New York: 1. English Language Services. English 900. Collier-Macmillan, 1964-65. 2. Institute of Modern Languages. Contemporary_aokn_EnalLah. 5 vols. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1967-68. An Intensive Course in 3. Lado, Roberts Charles C.