Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2008 An Osteometric Analysis of Southeastern Prehistoric Domestic Dogs Brian E. Worthington Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE AN OSTEOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF SOUTHEASTERN PREHISTORIC DOMESTIC DOGS By BRIAN E. WORTHINGTON A Thesis submitted to the Department of Anthropology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science Degree Awarded: Summer Semester, 2008 The members of the Committee approve the Thesis of Brian E. Worthington defended on June 3, 2008. __________________________________ Glen H. Doran Professor Directing Thesis __________________________________ Rochelle A. Marrinan Committee Member __________________________________ William Parkinson Committee Member Approved: _______________________________________ Glen H. Doran, Chair, Department of Anthropology _______________________________________ Joseph Travis, Dean, College of Arts and Sciences The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii This thesis is dedicated to the memory of my father, C.K. Worthington. I would also like to dedicate this thesis to my mother, Susan Worthington, and to my uncle, Edmond Worthington. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I would like to thank my committee members, Dr. Glen H. Doran, Dr. Rochelle A. Marrinan, and Dr. William Parkinson, for their guidance, comments, and patience. I would also like to thank Dr. Michael Faught and Dr. Michael Russo for their assistance and support. This thesis would have not been possible if it were not for the generosity of many who provided access to specimens for analysis. These people include: Dr. Elizebeth S. Wing, Dr. Kitty Emery, Silvia Scudder, and Irvy Quitmyer of the Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida; John Connaway of the Mississippi Department of Archives and History; Dr. David Dickel of the Bureau of Archaeological Research, State of Florida; Lynne P. Sullivan and Paul W. Parmalee of the McClung Museum, University of Tennessee; John Erenhardt and Richard Vernon of the Southeast Archeological Center, National Park Service; Dr. Glen H. Doran, Department of Anthropology, Florida State University; Dr. Yvonne M. Narganes Storde, Centro DE Investigaciones Arqueologicas, Universidad De Puerto Rico; Aaron Deter-Wolf, TRC, Inc.; Dr. Tanya M. Peres and Dr. George Crothers, William S. Webb Museum of Anthropology, University of Kentucky; Dr. Ray Crook and Susan E. Fisherman- Armstrong, Antonio J. Waring Jr. Archaeological Laboratory, University of West Georgia; Dr. Jeffrey M. Mitchem, Arkansas Archaeological Survey, University of Arkansas; Dr. Mark J. Brooks, Tammy R. Forehand, and D. Keith Stephenson, Savannah River Archaeological Research Program; Robert S. Carr, Archaeological and Historical Conservancy, Inc.; and Dr. Daniel C. Swan, Chucalissa Museum, University of Memphis. I must also acknowledge the unending support and patience of my mother, Susan Worthington, and my uncle, Edmond Worthington. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ................................................................................................ vii List of Figures ................................................................................................ x Abstract ...................................................................................................... xviii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION.................................................................. 1 CHAPTER TWO: METHODOLGY................................................................... 8 CHAPTER THREE: AXIAL SKELETON ......................................................... 23 CHAPTER FOUR: APPENDICULAR SKELETON ......................................... 69 CHAPTER FIVE: SHOULDER HEIGHT AND BODY LENGTH ................... 114 CHAPTER SIX: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION...................................... 124 APPENDIX A: ESTIMATED SEX OF DOGS................................................... 131 APPENDIX B: SHOULDER HEIGHT ESTMATES ......................................... 137 APPENDIX C: CRANIAL INDICES ................................................................. 141 APPENDIX D: CRANIAL AND DENTARY MEASUREMENTS AND UNIVARIATE ANALYSIS ........................................................ 144 APPENDIX E: T-TESTS COMPARING MALES AND FEMALES ................ 152 APPENDIX F: T-TESTS COMPARING CULTURAL PERIODS.................... 156 APPENDIX G: UNIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF SOUTHEASTERN PREHISTORIC DOGS BY SEX AND CULURAL AFFILIATION (Postcrania) ....................................................... 171 APPENDIX H: UNIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF SOUTHEASTERN PREHISTORIC DOGS BY SEX AND CULURAL AFFILIATION (Crania and Dentary) ......................................... 189 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................... 208 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .............................................................................. 227 v LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Samples Analyzed .............................................................................. 8 Table 2.2: Fusion Estimates of Dogs ................................................................... 11 Table 2.3: Tooth Eruption in Dogs ...................................................................... 12 Table 2.4: Measurement Definitions for Indices ................................................. 19 Table 2.5: Average Indices of the Three Basic Cranial Types ............................ 20 Table 2.6: Indices of Modern Dog Breeds........................................................... 20 Table 2.7: Shoulder Height and Body Length Equations .................................... 21 Table 2.8: Modern Dog Breed Shoulder Heights ................................................ 22 Table 3.1: Skull Indices ....................................................................................... 26 Table 3.2: Facial Indices...................................................................................... 27 Table 3.3: Cranial Indices.................................................................................... 28 Table 3.4: Snout Width Indices ........................................................................... 29 Table 3.5: Palatal Indices..................................................................................... 30 Table 3.6: Cranium Measurements...................................................................... 32 Table 3.7: Descriptive Statistics for the Crania ................................................... 36 Table 3.8: Dentary Measurements ....................................................................... 47 Table 3.9: Descriptive Statistics for the Dentary................................................. 48 Table 3.10: T-Tests of Cranial and Dentary Measurements for Total Males vs. Total Females......................................................... 57 Table 4.1: Scapula Measurements ....................................................................... 69 Table 4.2: Descriptive Statistics for the Scapula ................................................. 71 Table 4.3: Humerus Measurements ..................................................................... 74 vi Table 4.4: Descriptive Statistics for the Humerus ............................................... 76 Table 4.5: Radius Measurements......................................................................... 80 Table 4.6: Descriptive Statistics for the Radius................................................... 81 Table 4.7: Ulna Measurements ............................................................................ 85 Table 4.8: Descriptive Statistics for the Ulna ...................................................... 86 Table 4.9: Femur Measurements.......................................................................... 89 Table 4.10: Descriptive Statistics for the Femur ................................................. 89 Table 4.11: Tibia Measurements.......................................................................... 96 Table 4.12: Descriptive Statistics for the Tibia ................................................... 98 Table 4.13: Fibula Measurements ....................................................................... 102 Table 4.14: Descriptive Statistics for the Fibula.................................................. 102 Table 4.15: Astragalus Measurements................................................................. 103 Table 4.16: Calcaneus Measurements.................................................................. 103 Table 4.17: Descriptive Statistics for the Calcaneus and Astragalus................... 103 Table 4.18: Metapodial Measurements................................................................ 104 Table 4.19: Descriptive Statistics for the Metapodials ........................................ 105 Table 5.1: Comparison of Average Shoulder Height of Southeastern Dogs ................................................................................................ 114 Table 5.2: T-tests for Southeastern Dogs by Culture........................................... 117 Table 5.3: Average Shoulder Height of Male and Female Southeastern Dogs .............................................................................. 118 Table 5.4: SE Males vs. SE Females by SHAVRG............................................