This publication from the Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service has been archived. Current information is available from http://www.ksre.ksu.edu. KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY SWINE DAY 1990 REPORT OF PROGRESS 610, AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, MARC A. JOHNSON, DIRECTOR EXPERIMENT STATION, OF PROGRESS 610, AGRICULTURAL REPORT This publication from the Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service has been archived. Current information is available from http://www.ksre.ksu.edu. FOREWORD It is with great pleasure that we present to you the 1990 Swine Day Report. This report contains summaries of applied and basic swine research conducted at Kansas State University during the past year. Topics range from economics to meats, and physiology to nutrition. We hope that the information will be of benefit, as we attempt to meet the needs of the Kansas swine industry. Editors, 1990 Swine Day Report, Bob Goodband Joe Hancock ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS REPORT avg = average Mcal = megacalorie(s) BW = body weight mEq = milliequivalent(s) cm = centimeter(s) min = minute(s) CP = crude protein mg = milligram(s) cwt = 100 lb ml = cc (cubic centimeters) d = day(s) mo = month(s) DM = dry matter µg = microgram(s) °F = Fahrenheit = .001 mg ft = foot(feet) N = nitrogen ft2 = square foot(feet) ng = nanogram(s) g = gram(s) = .001 µg gal = gallon(s) no. = number h = hour(s) ppm = parts per million in. = inch(es) sec = second(s) IU = international unit(s) wk = week(s) kg = kilogram(s) wt = weight(s) Kcal = kilocalorie(s) yr = year(s) lb = pound(s) NOTICE Kansas State University makes no endorsement, expressed or implied, of any commercial product. Trade names are used in this publication only to ensure clarity of communication. Some of the research reported here was carried out under special FDA clearances that apply only to investigational uses at approved research institutions. Materials that require FDA clearances may be used in the field only at the levels and for the use specified in that clearance. This publication from the Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service has been archived. Current information is available from http://www.ksre.ksu.edu. CONTENTS Swine Industry Day Proceedings Computerized Records: Use in Troubleshooting Reproductive Problems of Commercial Swine Herds ................................. 1 Improving On-Farm Mixing Efficiency .............................. 14 Feed Mills for On-Farm Feed Manufacturing .......................... 19 Gestation, Breeding, and Farrowing Management Litter Size for Gilts Fed Higher Levels of Folic Acid and Riboflavin during Gestation ........................................ 24 The Effects of Additional Niacin during Gestation and Lactation on Sow and Litter Performance .................................... 26 Nursery Management Effect of Substituting Spray-Dried Plasma Protein for Milk Products in Starter Pig Diets ........................................ 30 Effect of Replacing Dried Skim Milk with Specially Processed Soy Products on Digestibility of Nutrients and Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs ..... 37 Effect of Replacing Dried Skim Milk with Soy Products on Function and Morphology of the Small Intestine in Nursery Pigs ................ 41 Interrelationship Between Hypersensitivity to Soybean Proteins and Growth Performance in Early-Weaned Pigs ...................... 45 Processing Method Affects the Nutritional Value of Low-Inhibitor Soybeans for Nursery Pigs ................................. 52 Effect of L-Carnitine on Starter Pig Performance and Fat Utilization .......... 56 Effect of Acidification on Starter Pig Performance and Nutrient Digestibility ..................................... 62 Comparison of Two Atrophic Rhinitis Vaccines for Young Pigs ............. 66 Growing-Finishing Management Low-Test Weight Sorghum for Growing-Finishing Swine ................. 68 Postfinishing Mineralization of Skeletal Tissue in Replacement Gilts .......... 72 i This publication from the Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service has been archived. Current information is available from http://www.ksre.ksu.edu. Effect of Extrusion on the Nutritional Value of Soybeans and Sorghum Grain in Finishing Pigs .................................... 76 Protein Sparing Effect of a Fermentation Product in Pig Diets from Weaning to Market ...................................... 79 Effects of Daily Administration of Porcine Somatotropin on Performance of Growing Pigs (55 to 130 lb) .............................. 83 Effects of Porcine Somatotropin and Dietary Lysine Level on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Finishing Swine Fed to 280 lb .......................................... 86 The Effects of Dietary Threonine and Porcine Somatotropin Dosage on Nitrogen Balance in Finishing Swine .......................... 93 Agricultural Economics Price Discovery and Basis Risk for Live Hogs ......................... 98 The Costs and Returns Associated with Corn-, Milo-, and Wheat-Based Swine Diets ........................................... 102 Analysis of Kansas Hog Enterprise Returns From 1981-1990 ............... 105 Meat Science Research Bone-In Pork Loins: Modified Atmosphere Packaging to Extend Shelflife ...... 108 Effects of Modified Atmosphere Packaging and Carcass Chill Rate on Pork Loins ............................................ 112 Utilization of Surimi-Like Products From Pork with Sex-Odor in Restructured, Precooked Pork Roasts .......................... 115 Consumer Evaluation of Retail Hams From Different Production Processes ..... 119 Acknowledgements ................................................. 122 Livestock and Meat Industry Council ................................... 123 ii This publication from the Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service has been archived. Current information is available from http://www.ksre.ksu.edu. BIOLOGICAL VARIABILITY AND CHANCES OF ERROR Variability among individual animals in an experiment leads to problems in interpreting the results. Animals on treatment X may have higher average daily gains than those on treatment Y, but variability within treatments may indicate that the differences in production between X and Y were not the result of the treatment alone. Statistical analysis allows us to calculate the probability that such differences are from treatment rather than from chance. In some of the articles herein, you will see the notation "P<.05." That means the probability of the differences resulting from chance is less than 5%. If two averages are said to be "significantly different," the probability is less than 5% that the difference is from chance or the probability exceeds 95% that the difference resulted from the treatments applied. Some papers report correlations or measures of the relationship between traits. The relationship may be positive (both traits tend to get larger or smaller together) or negative (as one trait gets larger, the other gets smaller). A perfect correlation is one (+1 or -1). If there is no relationship, the correlation is zero. In other papers, you may see an average given as 2.5 ± .1. The 2.5 is the average; .1 is the "standard error." The standard error is calculated to be 68% certain that the real average (with unlimited number of animals) would fall within one standard error from the average, in this case between 2.4 and 2.6. Many animals per treatment, replicating treatments several times, and using uniform animals increase the probability of finding real differences when they exist. Statistical analysis allows more valid interpretation of the results, regardless of the number of animals. In all the research reported herein, statistical analyses are included to increase the confidence you can place in the results. Val Stillwell preparing the 1990 Swine Day Report. iii This publication from the Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service has been archived. Current information is available from http://www.ksre.ksu.edu. COMPUTERIZED RECORDS: USE IN TROUBLESHOOTING REPRODUCTIVE PROBLEMS OF COMMERCIAL SWINE HERDS Gary D. Dial1 Swine production has become, in a relatively short time, one of the most competitive agribusinesses. The increase in international exportation of pork, dynamic changes in the efficiency of hog production, and the increasing preference of consumers for alternative meats has mandated that the swine industry be competitive with other producers of protein foodstuffs. Recent changes in the American swine industry have been dynamic. During the past 10 years, the financial advantage of volume selling and buying has led to an unwavering, irreversible evolution toward increasingly larger herd sizes. Accompanying this has been an ongoing trend toward decentralization away from the traditional grain-rich regions of the Midwest and consolidation of the meat packing industry. Although America remains one of the largest international producers of pork, imports into the domestic market have increased dramatically in recent years and now constitute approximately 8 percent of all pork consumed. In this climate of increased competition for more discerning markets, the independent producer has been faced with the challenge of either becoming efficient in the next decade or running the risk of no longer being competitive and no longer having a product