WHAT WE KNOW Where they live: Southeastern Brazil Tropical, Rainforest Inhabit secondary lowlands, evergreen, and semi-deciduous forests, forest edge and dry forest patches. Typically live at elevations between 1600 – 2300 feet but can be found as high as 2600 feet. Arboreal Rowe, 1996; Rylands and Mendes, 2008 WHAT WE KNOW Social Behavior: Live in family groups, up to 8-10 individuals Usually monogamous, only dominate male and female typically breed Groups are usually comprised of a breeding pair and their offspring Daughters are usually reproductively suppressed Wakenshaw, 1999 WHAT WE KNOW Wild diet: Anatomical and behavioral adaptations for tree- gouging Able to gouge into tree trunks, branches, and vines to obtain gum Eat plant gums, insects and fruit Also eat flowers, nectar, frogs, snails, lizards, and spiders. Passamani & Ryland, 2000; Passamani, 1998; Rowe, 1996; Rylands and Mendes, 2008 IN THE WILD Passamani & Ryland, 2000 One year study, that included 9,013 observations of which 1848 were of feeding Group sized varied from 3 – 5. 68.6% of all feeding observations were gums 15% fruit 14.6% invertebrates 0.8% small vertebrates 1% unidentified FEEDING CHOICES IN THE WILD Animals eat gum and insects year around During the wet season, Dec & Jan, selection of fruit greatly increases (43% of feeding observations) but animals continue to consume gums and insects Passamani & Ryland, 2000 IMPORTANT KEY POINTS FOR APPROPRIATELY FEEDING CAPTIVE GEOFFROY’S MARMOSETS 1. Fruit will be preferentially consumed when available 2. Wild marmosets use their teeth to gouge or gnaw holes in trees and vines for gum 3. Animals are usually monogamous and the breeding pair are dominant 4. Subordinate females are reproductively suppressed CAPTIVE DIET FORMULATION GUIDELINE ONLY Estimated Energy Need 0.75 137-255kcal·BWkg Nutrient Requirements of Nonhuman Primates: Second Revised Edition, 2003 Estimated Dry Matter Intake Ability ~ 3- 4% BW (based on Common Marmosets) Power & Myers 2009 ESTIMATED NUTRIENT NEEDS Excerpt from TABLE 11-2 Estimated Adequate Nutrient Concentrations (Dry Matter Basis) Nutrient Requirements of Nonhuman Primates: Second Revised Edition, 2003 1 Nutrient Unit NRC Notations Crude protein % 15-22 b Calcium % 0.8 Total Phosphorus % 0.6 d Sodium % 0.2 Vitamin D3 IU/kg 2,500 f Vitamin C mg/kg 200 j f There are anecdotal reports of higher vitamin D3 requirements in callitrichids under certain circumstances (seeChapter7). 1 http://www.nap.edu/catalog/9826/nutrient-requirements-of-nonhuman-primates-second-revised-edition ESTIMATED ENERGY: EXAMPLE 0.75 137-255kcal·BWkg Animal Body Weight = 500 grams Convert gram to kg: 500/1000 = 0.5 kg Scale the BW: (0.5) 0.75 = 0.595 Multiply the scaled BW by need Energy 137 X 0.595 = 81 kcal lower level 255 X 0.595 = 152 kcal upper level ESTIMATED DRY MATTER INTAKE ABILITY: EXAMPLE ~ 3- 4% BW (based on Common Marmosets) Animal Body Weight = 500 grams 0.035 X 500 grams = 17.5 grams Estimated Dry Matter Intake Ability ~ Range 15 – 20 grams Estimated Dry Matter Intake Ability CHOOSING DIET INGREDIENTS Base Diet Home made Commercial Products o ZuPreem Canned Primate http://www.zupreem.com/products/marmoset-diet o Mazuri line of Callitrichid Gel Diets http://www.mazuri.com/callitrichids.aspx AS FED BASE DIET Nutrient Unit 1ZuPreem 2Mazuri 5M15 Moisture % 62 60 Crude protein % 8.5 8.4 Fat % 2.5 3.12 *Carbohydrate by difference % 24 21.48 Calcium % 0.2 0.44 Sodium % No Data 0.12 Total Phosphorus % 0.2 0.256 Vitamin D3 IU/kg 1814 2658 Vitamin C mg/kg 0 258 Estimated ME kcal/g 1.52 1.36 *includes fiber 1http://www.zupreem.com/products/marmoset-diet 2 Prepared according to manufacturer instructions: http://www.mazuri.com/product_pdfs/5MI5.pdf ACTIVITY FOOD GUM Wild Geoffroy’s Marmoset consume gums year around – 68.6% of observed feedings were on gums!!! 2 Senegalia senegal, Compostion UNIT 1 Acacia 1 Paulinia 1 Bauhinia 1 Dyctioloma Vachellia paniculata carpopodi angulosa incanensis seyal 3Mazuri 5B35* Moisture % 5.3 6.6 7.6 6.5 12.89 2 Crude Protein % 10.8 15.2 6.3 7.1 1.45 1 Fat % 2.3 2.8 2.8 3.4 0 0 Carbohydrate as soluble fiber % 79.7 73.5 81.4 81.1 82.44 90 Ash % 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 3.22 5 Estimated ME kcal/g 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.4 3.6 1Passamani & Ryland, 2000 2Philadelpha Zoo Analysis of Raw Gum Arabic, Midwest Laboratories June 24,2015 3 Mazuri Enrichment Gum Arabic http://www.mazuri.com/product_pdfs/5B35.pdf ACTIVITY FOODS INSECTS Wild Geoffroy’s Marmoset consume invertebrates year around – 14.6% of observed feedings were on invertebrates!!! 4Soldier flies 5Waxworms Compostion 1Mealworms 2Crickets Acheta 3 SuperwormsZopho (lavae) Galleria Tenebrio molitor domesticus bas morio larvae Hermetia illucens mellonella Moisture % 66.36 64.94 61.3 61.2 58.5 Crude Protein % 18.9 9.3 16.9 17.5 14.1 Fat % 12 4.19 15.1 14 24.9 Carbohydrate by difference % 1.82 19.6 5.46 3.8 1.9 Ash % 0.92 1.89 1.24 3.5 0.6 Estimated ME kcal/g 1.9 1.5 2.3 2.1 2.9 1Philadelpha Zoo Analysis of mealworms as received, Midwest Laboratories June 8, 2009 2Philadelpha Zoo Analysis of Large Crickets as received, Midwest Laboratories August 10, 2010 3Philadelpha Zoo Analysis of Superworms as received , Midwest Laboratories August 10, 2011 4Finke, 2012 5Finke, 2002 LIMIT FRUIT Fruit was consumed by wild Geoffory’s 15% of the observations; however, the majority of these observation were during only 2 months of the year. Although fruit can be used for positive re- enforcement or the delivery of medicine it should be very limited. Geoffroy’s WILL consume fruit preferentially and to their detriment. Toddes 30 years experience! POSSIBLE GOOD ALTERNATIVE TO FRUIT Beans: Beans are soluble fiber superstars. One cup of black beans has 4.8 g of soluble fiber, while Navy beans have 4.4 g and light-red kidney beans have 4g. All beans are good choices. http://www.todaysdietitian.com/newarchives/120913p16.shtml Nutrient Unit 1C. Black Beans 2C. Navy Beans 3C. Kidney Beans 4EO Kidney Beans Moisture % 75.6 70.45 77.96 77.96 Crude protein % 6.03 7.53 5.22 6.15 Fat % 0.29 0.43 0.36 0 Carbohydrate by difference % 16.55 20.45 14.83 18 Fiber Total Dietary % 6.9 5.1 5.3 7.7 Total Sugars % 0.23 0.28 1.85 0.9 Sodium % 0.138 0.336 0.177 0.011 Calcium % 0.035 0.047 0.029 0.029 Total Phosphorus % 0.108 0.134 0.106 0.106 Vitamin D3 IU/kg 0 0 0 0 Vitamin C mg/kg 27 7 8 8 Estimated ME kcal/g 0.91 1.13 0.81 0.77 1Basic Report: 16316, Beans, black, mature seeds, canned, low sodium 2Basic Report: 16039, Beans, navy, mature seeds, canned 3Basic Report: 16337, Beans, kidney, red, mature seeds, canned, solids and liquid, low sodium 4Eden Organic Kidney Beans Label &Yellow highlight =Basic Report: 16337, Beans, kidney, red, mature seeds, canned, solids and liquid, low sodium http://ndb.nal.usda.gov PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER 500 gram GM needs ~ 81 – 152 kcal & can eat ~17.5 grams DM VERY General Kcal Guideline For non-reproductive animals lower end Reproductive middle (injured, sick etc…) Lactation upper end GENERAL MAINTENANCE DIET Nutritent 17.5 g DM Protein g 2.6 - 3.85 Calcium g 0.14 Phosphorus g 0.105 Vitamin D3 IU 44 Vitamin C mg 3.5 SAMPLE APPROPRIATE DIET 500 gram animal at maintenance Maintenance % Kcal Kcal Grams Base Diet 72% 60 39 Apples 8% 7 13 Carrots 5% 4 10 Insects 5% 4 3 Yogurt/Gum arabic 5% 4 3 Keepers Choice - NO FRUIT (kcal) 5% 4 5 Total Kcal 83 75 SAMPLE APPROPRIATE DIET REVIEW Nutrient Unit Mazuri ZuPreem Apples Carrots Mealworms PZ Gum Mix EO Kidney Beans Total As Fed Est Need Moisture g 23.68 24.5 11.5 8.6 2.2 0.7 4.0 51.6 Dry g 15.79 15.0 2.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 21.6 17.5 Crude protein g 3.32 3.4 0.0 0.1 0.6 0.0 0.3 4.5 2.6 - 3.85 Fat g 1.23 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 1.5 Carbohydrate by difference g 8.48 9.5 1.9 0.9 0.1 0.9 0.9 14.2 Total Dietary Fiber g 0.17 0.592 0.323 0.273 0.067 0.804 0.400 2.5 Total Sugars g 5.21 1.399 0.462 0.000 0.132 0.047 2.0 Sodium g 0.05 0.000 0.007 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.01 0.04 Calcium g 0.05 0.079 0.001 0.004 0.001 0.008 0.002 0.09 0.14 Total Phosphorus g 0.10 0.079 0.001 0.003 0.008 0.001 0.006 0.10 0.11 Vitamin D3 IU 104.92 72 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 72 44 Vitamin C mg 10.18 0.000 0.062 0.058 0.000 0.000 0.042 0.161 3.5 Estimated ME kcal 53.68 60 7 4 4 4 4 83 81-152 Vitamin C supplement required SAMPLE PROBLEM DIET 500 gram animal at maintenance Maintenance % Kcal Kcal Grams Base Diet 44% 60 39 Apples 44% 60 115 Carrots 3% 4 10 Insects 3% 4 3 Yogurt/Gum arabic 3% 4 3 Keepers Choice - NO FRUIT (kcal) 3% 4 5 Total Kcal 136 177 SAMPLE PROBLEM DIET REVIEW Nutrient Unit Mazuri ZuPreem Apples Carrots Mealworms PZ Gum Mix EO Kidney Beans Total As Fed Est Need Moisture g 23.68 24.5 98.7 8.6 2.2 0.7 4.0 138.8 Dry g 15.79 15.0 16.7 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 36.4 17.5 Crude protein g 3.32 3.4 0.3 0.1 0.6 0.0 0.3 4.7 2.6 - 3.85 Fat g 1.23 1.0 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 1.6 Carbohydrate by difference g 8.48 9.5 15.9 0.9 0.1 0.9 0.9 28.3 Total Dietary Fiber g 0.17 0.592 2.769 0.273 0.067 0.804 0.400 4.9 Total Sugars g 5.21 11.988 0.462 0.000 0.132 0.047 12.6 Sodium g 0.05 0.001 0.007 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.01 0.04 Calcium g 0.05 0.079 0.007 0.004 0.001 0.008 0.002 0.10 0.14 Total Phosphorus g 0.10 0.079 0.013 0.003 0.008 0.001 0.006 0.11 0.11 Vitamin D3 IU 104.92 72 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 72 44 Vitamin C mg 10.18 0.000 0.531 0.058 0.000 0.000 0.042 0.630 3.5 Estimated ME kcal 53.68 60 60 4 4 4 4 136 81-152 GEOFFROY’S WILL CONSUME FRUIT PREFERENTIALLY TO ALL OTHER DIETARY ITEMS FRUIT MUST BE LIMITED IN THE DIET ACTUAL CONSUMPTION Maintenance % Kcal Kcal Grams Base Diet 3% 2 1 Apples 77% 60 115 Carrots 5% 4 10 Insects 5% 4 3 Yogurt/Gum arabic