This article was downloaded by: [New York University] On: 09 January 2015, At: 07:37 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Series 5 Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tnah11 XXXVIII.—Contributions to our knowledge of the Spongida H.J. Carter F.R.S. Published online: 15 Oct 2009. To cite this article: H.J. Carter F.R.S. (1879) XXXVIII.—Contributions to our knowledge of the Spongida , Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Series 5, 3:17, 343-360, DOI: 10.1080/00222937908694101 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222937908694101 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. 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Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http:// www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions Downloaded by [New York University] at 07:37 09 January 2015 Contributions to our Knowledge of the STongida. 343 West Lodge. It was chiefly from the foliage of the common bramble that I obtained it. Mr. Barrett, who has kindly examined it, says that very likely this may be the vat. petrosana ; and indeed it agrees very well with Duponchel's figure of the latter on his sixty- fifth plate. [To be continued.] XXXVIII.--Contributions to our Know!edge of the Spongida. By H. J. CARTER,F.R.S. &e. [Plates XXVIII. & XXIX.] [Continued from p. 304.] Trachycladus lcevispb'ullfer, n. gen. et sp. (P1. XXVIII. figs. 1-5.) Shrub-like, more or less compressed, stiff, consisting of a short irregularly round stem dividing at first dichotomously and then polychotomously into many branches, which termi- nate in digitations, more or less united latera!ly (P1. XXVIII. fig. 1). Colour white on the surface, whitish yellow inter- nally. Texture hard, dense. Surface reticulate, honeycomb- like, stiff, with small scopuliform processes along the lines of the reticulation, bearing a white incrustation composed of the flesh-spicules of the species. Internal structure of the stem and branches consisting of dense, compact, areolar sarcode, especially towards the centre, charged with the spicules of the species, expanding in lines f~om the axis of the branch up- wards and outwards, so as to end in the little scopuliform processes mentioned. Spicules of three forms (viz. one skele- ton- and two flesh-spicules):--1, skeleton-spicule, acetate, curved, smooth, pointed gradually, acutely or obtusely, some- times acuate, 1-85th by 1-2400th inch in its greatest dimen- sions (fig. 2) ; 2, fiesh-spicule~ minute, filiform or vermiculate, Downloaded by [New York University] at 07:37 09 January 2015 consisting of an open spiral coil of one turn and half, smooth (that is, without spines)~ 1-1714th inch long (fig. 3); 3, flesh- spicule, bacillar, consisting of a short, thick, cylindrical, straight shaft, with rounded ends and narrow~ linear, central inflation (fig. 4). The skeleton-spicules mixed with a few flesh-spicules of both forms are confined to the interior~ while the white incrustation is exclusively formed of the flesh- spicules. Size of largest specimen 4 x 3 x 1¼ inches ; stem about 1 inch long and ~ inch thick. tlab. Marine. Loc. South Australia 344 Mr. H. J. Carter's Contributions Obs. Examined in the dry state. There are now two specimens of this sponge in the British Museum, one of which is extremely small and insignificant-looking, about 1~ inch in diameter, and the other, that above described, which came from the late Dr. Bowerbank's collection. The former bears my running number 385~ but no other, while the glue about its stem shows that it was once attached to a board, and there- fore has been a very long time in the Museum; the latter, which was also without label, now bears my no. 695. The hard, dense structure of the stem, combined with the white incrustation over the honeycomb or reticulated stiff structure of the surfac% are all as much characters of the Echinonemata as they are opposed to those of the Suberitida in the Holo- rhaphidota ; while, if we regard the flesh-spicules as equivalent to the "echinating" spicules, it seems to me that a place for Trachycladus should be sought for in the family Ectyonida, among the groups now included under the provisional name of Pluriformia. The characters of the sponge above given, together with the flesh-spicules, are quite sufficient for recog- nizing the species. Especially characteristic are the spiral flesh-spicules of the incrustation, which, under the microscope, look like myriads of little worms broken into pieces. So far, however~ as their spiral form goes, this occurs in a sponge of a very different kind~ viz. Suberites sTinisplrul~fer , to be described hereafter ; but here it is not only much larger, but splned all over, Amo~phlna stellifera, n. sp. (P1. XXIX. fig. 10, a, b.) Massiv% amorphous~ lobat% pierced and suspended by the fine branches of the seaweed among which it has grown. Colour originally white, but subsequently rendered pink by the presence of a pink Palmella-like cell. Texture crumb-of- bread-like. Surface even~ thickened by the accumulation of broken spicules and sand~ probably from having been rolled Downloaded by [New York University] at 07:37 09 January 2015 about in the shore-waves. Pores in the sarcode tympanizing the intervals between the broken spicules, as well as between those which have not become broken. Vents in pit-like de- pressions of the surface. Internal structure consisting of areolar sarcode charged with the spicules of the species and traversed by the canals of the excretory system; of a light yellow co!our. Spicules of two forms~ viz. :--1, skeleton-, acerat% curved, smooth, sharp-pointed gradually~ of various sizes, the largest averaging 1-35th by 1-1500th inch in its greatest diameters (P1. XXIX. fig. 10, a) ; 2, flesh-spicule, very delicat% stelliform~ composed of eight or more micro- to our Knowledge of the Spon,glda. 345 spined rays parting from the centre directly (that is~ without inflation there)~ 1-1500th inch in diameter (fig. 10, b). Skele- ton- and flesh-spicules scattered throughout the sponge gene- rally, the latter rather sparsely. Size of largest specimen about 2 × 13 x { inch. Hub. Marin% growing in the Laminarian zone. Loc. South Australia. Obs. Examined in the dried state. There are two speci- mens of this sponge now in the British Museum~ almost ex- actly alike in every particular~ viz. one labelled " 69. 1.22. 25~ Van Diemen's Land~" and the other from the late Dr. Bower- bank's collection without label~ except that of " South Aus- trali%" on the box in which it was contained~ both now bearing my no. 315 E~ h, 19. But for the presence of the littl% delicat% stellate flesh-spicul% there would be no distin- guishing Amorphina stell'~era from the worldwide ttallchon- drla panicea~ Johnst, perhaps the commonest sponge on the coasts of Great Britain. It is remarkabl% too, that the pink colour should be owing to the presence of the little parasitic cell mentioned, apparently identical with that of Palmella spong[arum~ Cart. (Ann. 1878~ vol. it. p. 165)~ which I found to be the origin of a similar colour in a specimen of Hali- chond~'ia.Tanicea. picked up. on this beach (Budleigh-Salterton). Besides tile pink cell m AmorThina stelllfera~ both speci- mens are charged with one which I think it advisable to note for future referenc% as I do not know what it is. This cell, which is nmch larger than that of the PalmeU% is colourless and ovoid~ measuring 1-875th inch in its greatest diameter~ containing a transparent nucleus 1-2000th inch in diameter~ and surrounded by a number of still smaller cells~ each of which is 1-6000th inch in diarneter~ the transparent spherical nucleus in the centre contrasting with the translucent ones that surround it. As these specimens of Amorp£ina steUlfera have grown from an embryo attached to the seaweed~ the branches of the Downloaded by [New York University] at 07:37 09 January 2015 latter have become enveloped by them respectively during growth~ like bits of grass &c. in a Fungus~ and thus they have become suspended. Suberltes splnisp(rul~er~ n. sp. (Pl. XXVIIL figs. 6~ 7.) Specimens solid~ elliptical~ probably having obtained this form by forced separation from the place of growth and subse- quent rolling about on tim beach in the midst of the waves. Colour now chiefly yellowish white~ with patches of t~urple on the surfac% indicating that this~ if not the whole of the spong% 346 Mr.