Department of Electrical Engineering with emphasis on Telecommunication Blekinge Institute of technology Evaluation of AODV and DSR Routing Protocols of Wireless Sensor Networks for Monitoring Applications Asar Ali Zeeshan Akbar (Electrical Engineering with emphasis on Telecommunication) Supervisor: Karel De Vogeleer ([email protected]) Master’s Degree Thesis Karlskrona October 2009 This Thesis corresponds to 20 weeks of full-time work for each of the authors. 1 Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..........................................................................................................................5 ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................................6 LIST OF ACRONYMS ..............................................................................................................................7 LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................................8 LIST OF TABLES .....................................................................................................................................8 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................9 1.1 BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................. 10 1.2 PROBLEM DEFINITION ................................................................................................................. 11 1.3 METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................................... 12 1.3.1 Review ...................................................................................................................................... 12 1.3.2 WSN Architecture ..................................................................................................................... 12 1.3.3 Functionality of Routing Protocol ............................................................................................. 12 1.3.4 Simulation Tool ......................................................................................................................... 12 1.3.5 Simulation ................................................................................................................................. 12 1.3.6 Analysis of Results..................................................................................................................... 13 1.4 GOAL ............................................................................................................................................ 13 1.5 GUIDELINE OF THESIS ................................................................................................................. 13 1.6 RESEARCH WORK ........................................................................................................................ 14 CHAPTER 2: WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS..................................................................................... 15 2.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 15 2.2 SENSOR NODE ARCHITECTURE ................................................................................................... 16 2.3 SENSOR NODE COMPONENTS .................................................................................................... 17 2.3.1 Controlling Component ............................................................................................................ 17 2.3.2 Communication Component ..................................................................................................... 17 2.3.3 Power Component .................................................................................................................... 17 2.3.4 Sensing Component .................................................................................................................. 17 2.4 WSNs COMPARISON WITH MANETs .......................................................................................... 18 2.5 WSN APPLICATIONS .................................................................................................................... 19 2.5.1 Monitoring of Area ................................................................................................................... 19 2.5.2 Monitoring of Environment ...................................................................................................... 19 2 2.5.3 Applications in Commercial Area .............................................................................................. 19 2.5.4 Tracking Applications ................................................................................................................ 19 CHAPTER 3: ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN WSN ...................................................................................... 20 3.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 20 3.2 ROUTING PROTOCOL CLASSIFICATION IN WSN ......................................................................... 21 3.2.1 Data Centric Protocols .............................................................................................................. 21 3.2.1.1 Flooding and Gossiping ......................................................................................................... 21 3.2.1.2 SPIN ........................................................................................................................................ 21 3.2.1.3 Directed Diffusion .................................................................................................................. 21 3.2.1.4 Energy Aware Routing ........................................................................................................... 22 3.2.1.5 Rumor Routing ....................................................................................................................... 22 3.2.1.6 Gradient-based Routing ........................................................................................................ 22 3.2.1.7 CADR ...................................................................................................................................... 22 3.2.1.8 COUGAR ................................................................................................................................. 22 3.2.2 Hierarchical Protocols ............................................................................................................... 23 3.2.3 Location-based Protocols ......................................................................................................... 23 3.2.4 Network Flow and QoS-aware protocols .................................................................................. 24 3.3 AODV ROUTING PROTOCOL ...................................................................................................... 24 3.3.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 24 3.3.1.1 RREQ ...................................................................................................................................... 25 3.3.1.2 RREP ....................................................................................................................................... 25 3.3.1.3 RERR ....................................................................................................................................... 25 3.3.1.4 Hello Messages ...................................................................................................................... 26 3.3.2 Discovery of Route .................................................................................................................... 26 3.3.2.1 Setup of Reverse Path ............................................................................................................ 26 3.3.2.2 Setup of Forward Path..………….………………………………………………………………………………….........26 3.4 DSR ROUTING PROTOCOL .......................................................................................................... 27 3.4.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 27 3.4.2 DSR Route Discovery and Maintenance ................................................................................... 27 CHAPTER 4: NETWORK SIMULATION ............................................................................................... 29 4.1 NETWORK SIMULATOR ............................................................................................................... 29 4.1.1 OPNET Tool ............................................................................................................................... 29 4.1.2 Network Design ........................................................................................................................ 29 3 4.2 SIMULATION PARAMETERS ........................................................................................................ 30 CHAPTER 5: ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 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