Task Order No. 12 Contract No. PCE-I-00-96-00002-00 ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES IN WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AREAS Report Prepared By Kjell Christophersen Roy Hagen George Jambyia June 23, 2000 For The Wildlife Division of the Ministry Of Natural Resources and Tourism and USAID/Tanzania Environmental Policy and Institutional Strengthening Indefinite Quantity Contract (EPIQ) Partners: International Resources Group, Winrock International, and Harvard Institute for International Development Subcontractors: PADCO; Management Systems International; and Development Alternatives, Inc. Collaborating Institutions: Center for Naval Analysis Corporation; Conservation International; KNB Engineering and Applied Sciences, Inc..; Keller-Bliesner Engineering; Resource Management International, Inc.; Tellus Institute; Urban Institute; and World Resources Institute TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS..................................................................................................................III ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.............................................................................................IV SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION................................... V CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background .......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Perspectives and Objectives ................................................................................ 2 1.2.1 The GOT Perspective............................................................................ 2 1.2.2 The Local Community Perspective...................................................... 4 1.2.3 Objectives............................................................................................... 5 1.3 The Key Issues...................................................................................................... 5 1.4 Analytical Approach............................................................................................ 6 1.4.1 The Model .............................................................................................. 7 1.4.2 Discussion............................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER 2: THE ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES............................................ 9 2.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Potential WMAs................................................................................................... 9 2.3 Global Opportunities........................................................................................... 9 2.3.1 Tourist and Resident Hunting............................................................ 11 2.3.2 Game Cropping ................................................................................... 12 2.3.3 Live Animal Capture and Sale ........................................................... 12 2.3.4 Game Ranching and Farming ............................................................ 13 2.3.5 Photo-Tourism..................................................................................... 13 2.3.6 Beekeeping ........................................................................................... 14 2.3.7 Natural Forest Management (NFM).................................................. 15 2.3.8 Fisheries Management ........................................................................ 16 2.3.9 Sustainable Production of Hay/Livestock Fodder ............................ 17 2.3.10 Sustainable Production of Medicinal Plants ..................................... 17 2.3.11 Range Management for Livestock Production ................................. 17 2.3.12 Mining .................................................................................................. 18 2.3.13 Agriculture........................................................................................... 18 CHAPTER 3: ASSUMPTIONS................................................................................... 20 3.1 Introduction........................................................................................................ 20 3.2 Profile of Hypothetical WMA ........................................................................... 21 3.3 Structure of the AA............................................................................................ 22 3.4 General Assumptions Applied to All Enterprise Opportunities .................... 25 3.4.1 Economic Assumptions ....................................................................... 25 3.4.2 Revenue Sharing.................................................................................. 26 3.4.3 “Realism” Assumptions ...................................................................... 27 3.5 Tourism and Resident Hunting ........................................................................ 28 3.6 Non-Consumptive Tourism............................................................................... 31 3.7 Beekeeping.......................................................................................................... 32 3.8 Natural Forest Management ............................................................................. 34 CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS AND RESULTS................................................................ 37 4.1 Introduction........................................................................................................ 37 4.2 The AA Perspective............................................................................................ 37 4.2.1 Tourism and Resident Hunting.......................................................... 37 i 4.2.2 Non-Consumptive Tourism ................................................................ 39 4.2.3 Bee-Keeping and Collection Centers ................................................. 39 4.2.4 Natural Forest Management............................................................... 41 4.2.5 AA Management of WMA.................................................................. 43 4.3 Sensitivity Analysis of Results........................................................................... 45 4.4 GOT Perspective................................................................................................ 47 4.4.1 Jobs....................................................................................................... 47 4.4.2 Government Revenues Generated Without and With WMAs ........ 48 CHAPTER 5: COMMENTS ON THE DRAFT WMA GUIDELINES .................... 50 5.1 Introduction........................................................................................................ 50 5.2 Lessons Learned From Other Countries ......................................................... 50 5.3 Procedures for Creating WMA ........................................................................ 51 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 52 ANNEX 1: SCOPE-OF-WORK .................................................................................. 55 ANNEX 2: INSTITUTIONS AND INDIVIDUALS MET.......................................... 61 ANNEX 3: UNEDITED FIELD NOTES ..................................................................... 63 ii ACRONYMS AA Authorized Association B/C Benefit / cost analysis CBC Community-Based Conservation CBNRM Community-based natural resource management DC District Council DoE Division of the Environment EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EPIQ Environmental Policy and Institutional Strengthening Indefinite Quantity Contract GCA Game Controlled Area GMP General Management Plan GOT Government of Tanzania IRR Internal rate of return LGA Local Government Authority LUP Land Use Plan NCAA Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority NGO Non-governmental organization NRM Natural resource management NP National Park NPV Net present value PA Protected area SO Strategic Objective TANAPA Tanzania National Park Association TAWICO Tanzania Wildlife Corporation TOR Terms-of-Reference USAID United States Agency for International Development VC Village Council WCA Wildlife Conservation Act WD Wildlife Division VGS Village Game Scouts VLA Village Land Act VNRC Village Natural Resources Committee VPO Vice President’s Office WMA Wildlife Management Area WPT Wildlife Policy of Tanzania iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The successful completion of this study is largely due to the support received from the Wildlife Division, the EPIQ staff, and USAID/Tanzania. We very much appreciate the enthusiastic cooperation of the WD leadership and are particularly grateful for the participation of Miriam Zachariah and Matthew Maige from the WD who traveled with the team and actively participated in the meetings throughout the study period. Their insights and intimate knowledge of the biological, political, and financial realities of the wildlife sector in Tanzania were invaluable. We are also grateful for the support received from the African Wildlife Foundation in Arusha who provided the team with key information on the geographical dispersion of potential WMAs, problems and pitfalls, and logistics in setting up meetings. When visiting the MBOMIPA project in Iringa, the team spent a delightful and rich-in-learning day in the project area with the Community Development Officer—Ms. Dorothy Bikurakule—to whom we owe thanks. We also appreciate the cooperation of the MBOMIPA