DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Behind the Door: A Study of Cell-Sharing, Wellbeing and Coping in Prison Muirhead, Aimee Award date: 2019 Awarding institution: Queen's University Belfast Link to publication Terms of use All those accessing thesis content in Queen’s University Belfast Research Portal are subject to the following terms and conditions of use • Copyright is subject to the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988, or as modified by any successor legislation • Copyright and moral rights for thesis content are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners • A copy of a thesis may be downloaded for personal non-commercial research/study without the need for permission or charge • Distribution or reproduction of thesis content in any format is not permitted without the permission of the copyright holder • When citing this work, full bibliographic details should be supplied, including the author, title, awarding institution and date of thesis Take down policy A thesis can be removed from the Research Portal if there has been a breach of copyright, or a similarly robust reason. 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Oct. 2021 Behind the Door: A Study of Cell-Sharing, Wellbeing and Coping in Prison Aimée Muirhead, MA (Cantab), MPhil A dissertation submitted as the sole requirement for the Degree of Doctor in Philosophy in the School of Social Sciences, Education and Social Work, Queen’s University Belfast March 2019 Abstract Many individuals in prison experience sharing a cell with another prisoner (Prison Reform Trust, 2018a). Yet little is known about how cell-sharing can affect wellbeing during imprisonment or influence the use of coping styles. Using a mixed-methods approach consisting of a survey of 569 adult men imprisoned in Northern Ireland, and semi-structured interviews with staff (n= 15) and prisoners (n=37), this study aimed to address this gap in the research literature. The findings reveal that, whilst there were no significant differences observed between the wellbeing scores of those in single and shared cells, the nature of cellmate relationships was significantly associated with wellbeing. Good cellmate relationships promoted better wellbeing by reducing the pressure to conform to prison social norms and making individuals feel able to show their emotions in front of their cellmate. As a result, this facilitated the use of coping styles associated with higher wellbeing, such as seeking emotional support from others. This study also points to the helpfulness of Goffman (1959) in terms of furthering an understanding of how good cellmate relationships can enable individuals to engage in backstage activity that is important for individuals’ self-narratives and sense of wellbeing, such as the reflexive project of the self (Giddens, 1991). It is argued that in order to understand how people respond to cell-sharing and, consequently, its impact on wellbeing, it is necessary to examine how imported characteristics (such as predispositions to use certain coping styles, mental health issues and histories of addiction) can interact with the deprivations associated with a shared cell (such as the lack of privacy and reduced feelings of safety). This thesis offers some new insights into our theoretical understanding of cell-sharing and its impact on wellbeing. It puts forward an augmentation of Goffman’s (1959) conceptualisation of frontstage and backstage by arguing that in the context of a shared prison cell, frontstage and backstage exist on a continuum. The extent to which the cell can be regarded as frontstage or backstage is dependent on the relationships between cellmates. These findings also point to a gap in prison policy relating to how cell-sharing is managed. In particular, the findings are used to address this gap in prison policy by offering suggestions for improvements to the training and guidance staff receive on managing cell-sharing and making cell allocation decisions. In this way, staff should be better informed to use the knowledge gained from this research to balance the different factors that influence how individuals respond to cell-sharing in order to promote good cellmate relationships that enhance wellbeing and facilitate the use of more effective coping styles. 2 Table of Contents ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................ 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................................... 3 LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................. 7 LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................... 8 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................. 10 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................ 11 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER TWO: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ..................................................................................................................... 17 THE PRESENTATION OF SELF IN EVERYDAY LIFE .............................................................. 18 Fronts ............................................................................................................................. 20 The Self Behind the Performance .................................................................................. 23 THE PRISON CONTEXT ....................................................................................................... 26 Prison Social Norms ...................................................................................................... 31 Prison Performances, Fronts and Social Norms ............................................................. 34 COPING IN PRISON .............................................................................................................. 36 Using Fronts as a Survival Strategy in Prison ................................................................ 39 Fronts and Spaces in Prison ........................................................................................... 42 EXPERIENCING THE PRISON CELL ...................................................................................... 45 3 Invasions of Personal Space ........................................................................................... 47 Consequences of Cell-Sharing ....................................................................................... 49 MANAGING CELL-SHARING ............................................................................................... 54 THE PRESENT STUDY ......................................................................................................... 56 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY................................................... 58 RESEARCH DESIGN ............................................................................................................. 59 Survey ............................................................................................................................ 63 Interviews ....................................................................................................................... 71 LIMITATIONS OF RESEARCH DESIGN ................................................................................. 74 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS ............................................................................................... 78 Minimising Harm ........................................................................................................... 78 Security .......................................................................................................................... 82 Voluntary Participation .................................................................................................. 82 Informed Consent........................................................................................................... 83 Anonymity and Confidentiality ..................................................................................... 84 The Experiences and Role of the Researcher ................................................................. 86 CHAPTER FOUR: WELLBEING AND COPING – THE IMPACT OF CELL- SHARING AND CELLMATE RELATIONSHIPS .......................................................... 90 THE NATURE AND PREVALENCE OF CELL-SHARING ......................................................... 91 WELLBEING AND CELL-SHARING ...................................................................................... 96 INVESTIGATING THE FACTORS INFLUENCING