45 Making Integrated Food-Energy Systems Work for People and Climate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aking Integrated EJ?NA=OEJCARE@AJ?A?HA=NHUODKSOPD=PPDEO KLAN=PEKJO =J@ DKS PDAU ?=J >A =HECJA@ SEPD EO PDA ?=OA KJHU =J@ EB PDAEN LNK@Q?PEKJ EO ?QNNAJPBKK@LNK@Q?PEKJO?DAIAO LNKLANHU I=J=CA@ )=NCAO?=HA HEMQE@ >EKBQAH @ARAHKLIAJP EJ L=NPE?QH=N I=U DEJ@AN PDA BKK@ 1DA KRANREAS LNAOAJPA@ EJ PDEO @K?QIAJP EO P=EHKNA@ PK Food-Energy OA?QNEPU KB OI=HHDKH@ANO =J@ LKKN NQN=H ?KIIQJEPEAO =J@ EJBKNILKHE?UI=GANO LN=?PEPEKJANO=J@AJPNALNAJAQNO N=EOEJC AJD=J?A ?HEI=PA ?D=JCA PDNKQCD CNAAJDKQOA C=O Ġ$%$ PDAEN=S=NAJAOOKB@EBBANAJPKLPEKJO=J@ODKSEJCPDAI?KJ?NAPA AIEOOEKJO?=QOA@>U@ENA?P=J@EJ@ENA?PH=J@QOA?D=JCA&P AT=ILHAO KB DKS PK I=GA &#"0 SKNG BKN OI=HHDKH@ANO =J@ Systems Work for EOPDANABKNA?NQ?E=HPK@ARAHKL>EKAJANCUKLAN=PEKJOEJS=UO >QOEJAOOAO 4DEHA AT=ILHAO KB HKJCPANI EILHAIAJP=PEKJ =J@ PD=PIEPEC=PANEOGO=J@D=NJAOO>AJABEPO QLP=GA ATEOP BKN OEILHAN OUOPAIO HEGA >EKC=O EJJKR=PERA =J@ IKNA ?KILHAT OUOPAIO OPEHH B=?A OKIA ?KJOPN=EJPO /ABANNEJC People and Climate 0=BAHUEJPACN=PEJC>KPDBKK@=J@AJANCULNK@Q?PEKJ=@@NAOOAO PK ATEOPEJC =J@ OQ??AOOBQH &#"0 =J@ HA=NJEJC BNKI B=EHQNAO PDAOA EOOQAO >U OEIQHP=JAKQOHU NA@Q?EJC PDA NEOG KB BKK@ PDEO @K?QIAJP OQCCAOPO LN=?PE?=H S=UO KB DKS PK P=?GHA ] EJOA?QNEPU=J@$%$AIEOOEKJO =J@&JPACN=PA@#KK@"JANCU PDAOA ?D=HHAJCAO =J@ I=GA &#"0 SKNG =P @EBBANAJP O?=HAO =J@ An Overview MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 0UOPAIO Ġ&#"0 ?=J =?DEARA PDAOA CK=HO KJ >KPD OI=HH KN ?KJBECQN=PEKJO H=NCAO?=HAO1DEO@K?QIAJPODKSO?KJ?NAPAKLPEKJOKBDKS BIOENERGY [ Climate, Energy and Tenure Division (NRC) publications www.fao.org/climatechange NRC contact: [email protected] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) ENVIRONMENT CLIMATE CHANGE ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT WORKING PAPER www.fao.org FAO KPFF Background image in this page AH=>KN=PA@BNKIļ)"J?U?HKLÀ@EA!E@ANKPAP!HAI>ANP Other images from left to right: 0SAAP0KNCDQI &JJAN*KJCKHE= DEJ=ĠJJAKC@=JOGE 1DADKQOADKH@>EKC=OOUOPAIEJ%=EJ=J&OH=J@ DEJ=Ġ,HEREAN!Q>KEO =PPHACN=VEJC>APSAAJ'=PNKLD=LH=JPO 3EAPJ=IĠJJAKC@=JOGE CNKJKIEOPEJ'=PNKLD=ATLANEIAJP=HOP=PEKJEJ3EAPJ=IĠJJAKC@=JOGE *ETA@?NKLLEJCKBL=L=U=SEPD?=OO=R=KJPDA*=HA@ERAOĠ0QO=JN==PV #=NIANPN=JOLKNPEJC?KNJOPN=SEJ&JJAN*KJCKHE= DEJ=ĠJJAKC@=JOGE #=NIAND=NRAOPEJC'=PNKLD=EJ3EAPJ=IĠJJAKC@=JOGE Copies of FAO publications can be requested from 0=HAO=J@*=NGAPEJC$NKQL KIIQJE?=PEKJ!EREOEKJ #KK@=J@CNE?QHPQNA,NC=JEV=PEKJKBPDA2JEPA@+=PEKJO 3E=HA@AHHA1ANIA@E =N=?=HH=/KIA &P=HU E-mail: LQ>HE?=PEKJOO=HAOĤB=KKNC Fax: Ġ Web site: DPPLġSSSB=KKNC Environment and Natural Resources series design: [email protected], 2004 KPFF 2010 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Anne Bogdanski, Olivier An Overview C W Food- M limate aking ork for E D ubois, nergy C I raig Jamieson, and ntegrated P eople and R S ainer ystems K Rome rell 45 ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT WORKING PAPER ENVIRONMENT CLIMATE CHANGE [ BIOENERGY ] MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. 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Applications for permission to reproduce or disseminate FAO copyright materials, and all other queries concerning rights and licences, should be addressed by e-mail to [email protected] or to the Chief, Publishing Policy and Support Branch, Office of Knowledge Exchange, Research and Extension, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy. © FAO 2011 FOREWORD A safe integration of food and energy production may be one of the best ways to improve national food and energy security and simultaneously reduce poverty in a climate smart way. This study on Integrated Food-Energy Systems (IFES) draws some lessons on constraints to scale up IFES and opportunities to overcome them from examples from Africa, Asia and Latin America as well as from some developed countries. Farming systems that combine food and energy crops present numerous benefits to poor rural communities. For example, poor farmers can use the left-overs from rice crop to produce bioenergy or in an agroforestry system they can use the debris of trees used to grow crops like fruits, coconuts or coffee beans for cooking. Other types of food and energy systems use by-products from livestock for biogas and compost production. Yet others combine biofuel crops and livestock on the same land. With these integrated systems farmers can save money because they don’t have to buy costly fossil fuel for their energy needs, nor chemical fertilizer if they use the slurry from biogas production. They can then use the savings to buy necessary inputs to increase agricultural productivity such as improved seeds - an important factor given that a significant increase in food production in the next decades will mainly have to come from yield increases. All this increases their resilience, hence their capacity to adapt to climate change. At the same time, integrating food and energy production particularly, through the use of by-products, can also be an effective approach to mitigate climate change, especially indirect land use change (iLUC). Implementing IFES leads to increased land and water productivity, therefore reducing greenhouse gas emissions and increasing food security. Moreover by combining food and energy production, IFES reduce the need to convert land to produce energy, in addition to land already used to agriculture. This further reduces the risks associated with land conversion – hence that of additional GHG emissions. This document presents a comprehensive overview of different options which make the various benefits of IFES materialize while addressing risks and constraints associated with current bioenergy productions schemes. Promoting the advantages of IFES and improving the policy and institutional environment for such systems should become a priority. FAO is well placed to coordinate these efforts by providing knowledge and technical support for IFES through a programme aimed at promoting IFES. Enhancing IFES practices will contribute to the progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), including MDG 1 to reduce poverty and hunger and MDG 7 on sustainable natural resource management. Alexander Müller Assistant Director-General Natural Resources Management and Environment Department iii iv MAKING Integrated FOOD-ENERGY SYSTEMS WORK FOR PEOPLE AND Climate [ ] Verbraucherschutz - BMELV) in Germany. Consumer Protection (German: Bundesministerium für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Food Energy Systems financed by the Federal Ministry for Food, of case studies. Agriculture and presentation and inputs their for way” climate-friendly a in communities rural and farmers small-scale both for work systems food-energy integrated make to “How on Consultation report. this We would like to thank all colleagues that provided technical insights and useful feedback for A CK This report was developed within the framework of the FAO project on Integrated We would also like to thank the participants of the FAO, July 2010, Technical NO WLEDGEME N TS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Background Reducing “Energy Poverty” is increasingly acknowledged as the “Missing Development Goal”. This is because access to electricity and modern energy sources is a basic requirement to achieve and sustain decent and sustainable living standards. It is essential for lighting, heating and cooking, as well as for education, modern health treatment and productive activities, hence food security and rural development. Yet three billion people – about half of the world’s population - rely on unsustainable biomass-based energy sources to meet their basic energy needs for cooking and heating, and 1.6 billion people lack access to electricity. Small-scale farmers are globally the largest farmer group and of key importance to local and national food security in developing countries. Therefore safely integrating, intensifying and thus increasing food and energy production for this large group of producers may have the best prospect to improve both local (rural) and national food and energy security and reduce poverty and environmental impact at the same time. While biomass has been – and continues to be – the primary energy source for the rural poor in developing countries, it has also been of special interest in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries in recent years, mainly due to the production of liquid biofuels for transport.