Giving in Transition and Transitions in Giving: Philanthropy in Egypt, Libya and Tunisia 2011-2013 May 2013 4 Contents 1) Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................6 2) Chapter 1: Egypt ..........................................................................................................................................................14 2.1) Introduction.......................................................................................................................................................15 2.1.1) Mass Mobilization and a Rethinking of Egyptian Philanthropy .........................................................15 2.1.2) Methodology and Challenges..................................................................................................................15 2.2) Institutional Philanthropy, the Regulatory Environment and Definitional Confusion................................15 2.3) A Leap of Faith: Citizen Philanthropy and an Interfaith Movement.............................................................17 2.3.1) Institutionalized Philanthropy and Mixed Responses...........................................................................18 2.3.2) Youth, Informal Philanthropy and the Egyptian Awakening ................................................................22 2.4) Financing Philanthropy and Restrictions to the Sector .................................................................................25 2.4.1) Financial Models and the Question of Sustainability ..........................................................................25 2.4.2) Restrictions to the Sector........................................................................................................................26 2.5) Conclusion .........................................................................................................................................................27 3) Chapter 2: Libya ...........................................................................................................................................................30 3.1) Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 31 3.2) Political Development in Post-Revolution Libya.............................................................................................31 3.2.1) Libya under Gaddafi................................................................................................................................ 31 3.2.2) The Political Scene in 2011....................................................................................................................32 3.2.3) Political Development under the February 17 Revolution....................................................................32 3.3) The Regulation of Civil Society and Cooperation with the NTC ................................................................33 3.4) Philanthropy in Focus........................................................................................................................................34 3.4.1) Philanthropy in Pre-Revolutionary Libya...............................................................................................34 3.4.2) Philanthropy under Gaddafi....................................................................................................................34 3.4.3) The Philanthropy Revolution..................................................................................................................35 3.4.4) The Phases of Philanthropy.....................................................................................................................36 3.5) Funding Sources of Civil Society Organizations.............................................................................................40 3.5.1) First: In-House Philanthropy..................................................................................................................40 3.5.2) Second: Overseas Philanthropy...............................................................................................................40 3.6) The Role of Libyan Youth.................................................................................................................................41 3.6.1) Sacrifice and Public Participation...........................................................................................................42 3.6.2) Trust..........................................................................................................................................................42 3.6.3) Politicized Tribalism................................................................................................................................42 3.6.4) Gaddafi’s Legacy and a Culture of Exclusion.........................................................................................42 3.7) A Glimpse into the Future of Philanthropy in Post-Revolution Libya..........................................................43 4) Chapter 3: Tunisia ........................................................................................................................................................46 4.1) Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................47 4.1.1) Scholarly Literature on Philanthropy......................................................................................................47 4.1.2) Mapping Concepts and Definitions........................................................................................................48 4.2) Historical Transformations in the Tunisian Philanthropic Landscape...........................................................49 4.2.1) Religious Origins of Philanthropy..........................................................................................................49 4.2.2) Philanthropy and the Historical Development of Charities in Tunisia................................................49 4.3) Legal and Organizational Contexts of Tunisian Philanthropy .......................................................................50 4.3.1) Framework of Philanthropy in Tunisia...................................................................................................50 4.3.2) Funding Resources for Philanthropy.......................................................................................................52 4.3.3) Philanthropic Organizations before the Revolution..............................................................................53 4.4) The Tunisian Philanthropic Landscape Post Ben Ali.......................................................................................54 4.4.1) The Political, Social and Economic Scope.............................................................................................54 4.4.2) Development in Numbers, Categories and Geographical Distribution...............................................56 4.4.3) Tunisian Philanthropy in the Transitional Period..................................................................................57 4.5) Conclusion..........................................................................................................................................................58 4.6) References...........................................................................................................................................................61 5) Authors’ Biographies: ................................................................................................................................................... 62 5 Introduction Giving in Transition and Transitions in Giving: Philanthropy in Egypt, Libya and Tunisia 2011-2013 The many seasons of the Arab Spring have contributed to shaping, changing and coloring this publication. What started in late 2011 as a rapid scan of practices of local philanthropy in three Arab countries, then setting out on hopeful political transitions, became a protracted series of shifts in its own right. As events lurched ahead, forms of giving expanded, retrenched or paused depending on the trajectory of political developments and popular sentiment. Over many drafts, we came to realize that capturing important features of emerging philanthropy required us to encounter it afresh in a different territory, namely, a study of philanthropy in becoming and in revolution. Within this territory, the mega philanthropists, contrary to what would be expected, are not necessarily the people writing the script or defining the landscape of giving in the region. Instead, whatever script they had in mind is now somewhat sidelined, made to fit within a larger story that has not yet reached its finale. That story is about the ongoing mobilization of millions of citizens on a quest for freedom, social justice and dignity, a rapidly changing sociopolitical environment, unwelcome regulatory changes, as well as economic uncertainties and restrictions, all in the midst of a general lack of clarity of vision – or starkly competing visions -- in the region. This introduction reflects on both the process of developing the scanning report as well as some of its content. Much of the analysis provided here is still valid but some has become part