Name:_______________________________________________________________ Class Period:____ APUSH Unit 4, College Board Period 5 HISTORICAL ARGUMENTATION… African Americans in the Civil War (see writing guidelines in your binder for formula) Step #1 Read the question or prompt carefully: Read the question three times and be able to paraphrase the question and know the essential task demanded by it. Answering the question will be the central focus of your essay, and you want to be sure to ATFP: Address The Full Prompt. Prompt: In what ways and to what extent did African American efforts during the Civil War and Reconstruction eras maintain continuity or foster change? Confine your answer to the years 1861-1870. Step #2 Brainstorm on paper everything that comes to mind regarding the topic at hand. Review the timeline on the back of this page for additional review, but do not depend solely on the timeline. Aim for at least 10 specific things. What do you know about the topic? Put this down on paper to get your brain in gear for writing the essay. Once you have amble information, categorize it by theme. (ABC) 1. 6. 2. 7. 3. 8. 4. 9. 5. 10. Step #3 Clarify your thesis/view and identify an opposing view. Make sure your thesis ATFP! Don’t restate the prompt! Y: X: Step #4 Write your introductory paragraph. USE THE FORMULA Historical Analysis Activity written by Rebecca Richardson, Allen High School using the 2012 College Board APUSH Framework and an adaption of a 2009 College Board released exam Name:_______________________________________________________________ Class Period:____ APUSH Unit 4, College Board Period 5 1861 -Civil War erupts at Fort Sumter. 1865 Continued… 1861 - At Fort Monroe, Virginia Union general Benjamin Butler decrees that fugitive slaves were “contraband of -John Wilkes Booth murders President Abraham Lincoln. war,” i.e., confiscated property, and would no longer be returned. At first Lincoln refused to accept them -New president Andrew Johnson pardons all White southerners except Confederate leaders and the very as contraband. wealthy and orders all abandoned plantations to be returned to their owners. - Congress approves the Crittenden Resolution, attesting that war is being fought to preserve Union and -The South Perhaps half of all freed people begin searching for long-lost relatives who had been sold not to interfere w/slavery. away from them. -Congress passes the First Confiscation Act. -Blacks build schools and churches, organize mutual-aid societies, meet in conventions to demand full rights of citizenship. 1862 -Union general Thomas Sherman suggests what becomes the Port Royal experiment. -In Texas Union general Gordon Granger belatedly announces to enslaved Africans in Galveston that -Congress forbids returning fugitive slaves to their masters. they are free, the event known as Juneteenth. -Union general David Hunter, Lincoln’s friend, forms the first all-Black unit, the First South Carolina -The South Black Codes are enacted, which make sure that Blacks remain subordinate to Whites. Volunteer Regiment -Thirteenth Amendment is ratified, abolishing slavery; slavery then existed only in Delaware, Kentucky, -Congress enacts the Second Confiscation Act. and Missouri. -Congress enacts Militia Act of 1862, which calls for a draft of 300,000, including “Colored Troops,” into the Union army. 1866 -Civil Rights Act of 1866 is passed over Andrew Johnson’s veto. -Congress abolishes slavery in Washington, D.C., and the territories. -Memphis race riot takes place, killing 46 freed people and 2 Whites. -In the wake of the Battle of Antietam, Lincoln issues the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation that -Ku Klux Klan forms in Pulaski, Tennessee. would free all enslaved Africans in Confederate territory as a matter of “military necessity.” -Congress authorizes a Second Freedmen’s Bureau. - First Kansas Colored Volunteers repulse Confederates at Battle of Island Mound; first known -New Orleans race riot breaks out, killing 34 Blacks and 3 White allies. engagement of Black troops. -265 Blacks are among the approximately 1,000 Republican delegates to new Southern state constitutional conventions. 1863 -Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation takes effect, freeing enslaved Africans in Confederate areas and encouraging Black enlistment in the Union army. 1867 -Congress enacts the Military Reconstruction Act. Fifty-fourth Massachusetts Regiment is mustered into the Union army. -Louisiana Black troops bravely advance under the command of Union general Nathaniel Banks but 1868 - Thaddeus Stevens prosecutes Andrew Johnson for high crimes and misdemeanors; Johnson survives ultimately fail against Deadly fire in the Battle of Port Hudson—the first major battle involving Black impeachment troops. -Arkansas, Florida, Louisiana, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Alabama are readmitted into Union. -Union imposes the first military draft. -Fourteenth Amendment is ratified, giving African Americans basic rights of citizenship, due process, and -New York City Draft opponents riot in New York City, killing 105, destroying $2 million in property equal protection. (including the Colored Orphan Asylum), and mutilating their victims. The riot ends when Union troops -Ku Klux Klan murder 1,000 Republicans to drive Republican voters away from southern polls. return from Battle of Gettysburg. -Freedmen’s Bureau ceases operations. -Assault on Fort Wagner by the Fifty-fourth Massachusetts Regiment; the Fifty-fourth loses half its -Andrew Johnson pardons all but highest-ranking former rebels. officers (including Robert Gould Shaw) and half its troops before being repulsed. -Tennessee Confederate general Nathan Bedford Forrest leads 2,500 men against Fort Pillow, which 1869 -In Louisiana African Americans James Lewis, John Willis Menard, and P.B.S. Pinckney are elected to was held by 292 Black soldiers and 285 White soldiers. As Blacks surrender, Confederates Congress but are not seated. indiscriminately shoot and bayonet men, women, and children. In all, 200 Black people are killed. 1870 -Virginia, Mississippi, Texas, and Georgia are readmitted into Union and establish Redeemer 1864 -Congress grants equal pay for all Black soldiers who were free when the Civil War began. governments. -Virginia The Black division of the Eighteenth Corps heroically charges up the slopes against Confederate -Fifteenth Amendment is ratified. troops in the Battle of New Market Heights (Chaffin’s Farm); 14 Blacks receive the Medal of Honor. -In Mississippi Hiram Revels becomes first African American chosen for the U.S. Senate. -In South Carolina Joseph Rainey becomes first African American to serve in the U.S. House of 1865 -South Carolina In Special Field Orders No. 15, Union general William T. Sherman temporarily sets aside Representatives. 80,000 acres along the coast of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida to be rented or purchased by -Civil Rights (Enforcement) Act of 1870 is passed, to enforce the Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments 18,000 Black families and promises to loan them surplus army horses and mules to work this land; Andrew Johnson later rescinds the order, returning the land to its original owners. - Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands (Freedmen’s Bureau) is established. -Confederate Congress passes and Jefferson Davis signs an order to arm slaves. - Civil War ends at Appomattox Court House as Confederate general Lee surrenders to Union general Ulysses S. Grant. -Lincoln expresses his wish that the new southern state governments being set up under his Reconstruction program grant at least some Blacks, including Union army veterans, the right to vote. Historical Analysis Activity written by Rebecca Richardson, Allen High School using the 2012 College Board APUSH Framework and an adaption of a 2009 College Board released exam .