COMMUNITY BASED NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT COMMUNITY BASED NATURAL RESOURCESTOCKTAKING MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT ZIMBABWE PROFILE STOCKTAKING ASSESSMENT ZIMBABWE PROFILE MARCH 2010 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by DAI in collaboration with World Wildlife Fund, Inc. (WWF). COMMUNITY BASED NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT STOCKTAKING ASSESSMENT ZIMBABWE PROFILE Program Title: Capitalizing Knowledge, Connecting Communities Program (CK2C) Sponsoring USAID Office: USAID/Office of Acquisition and Assistance Contract Number: EPP-I-00-06-00021-00/01 Contractor: DAI Date of Publication: March 2010 Author: David Mazambani and Priscilla Dembetembe Collaborating Partner: COPASSA project implemented by World Wildlife Fund, Inc. (WWF); Associate Cooperative Agreement Number: EPP-A-00-00004-00; Leader with Associate Award Number:LAG-A-00-99-00048-00 The authors’ views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................... XV PART 1: HISTORY AND CURRENT STATUS OF CBNRM .................. 1 1. HISTORY OF CBNRM PROGRAM .................................................................................... 1 1.1 PRE-1988 CBNRM STATUS .............................................................................................. 1 1.1.1 Pre-Colonial Period ................................................................................................. 1 1.1.2 Colonial Period (1890 to 1980) ............................................................................... 2 1.1.3 Post Independence Developments ......................................................................... 3 1.2 MAJOR CBNRM PROGRAM MILESTONES ........................................................................... 4 1.2.1 The CAMPFIRE Program ........................................................................................ 4 1.2.2 Woodland Resources Management ........................................................................ 6 1.2.3 GEF Small Grants Program .................................................................................... 6 1.2.4 SAFIRE Program .................................................................................................... 7 1.3 NATIONAL CBNRM FORUM ............................................................................................... 8 Background to the formation of the National CBNRM Forum ........................................... 8 1.4 NAMES OF KEY CBNRM INSTITUTIONS AND PROGRAMS ..................................................... 9 1.5 ROLES OF KEY CBNRM INSTITUTIONS ............................................................................... 9 1.6 KEY SOURCES OF FUNDING .............................................................................................. 10 1.7 APPROXIMATE LEVELS OF FUNDING .................................................................................. 10 Support to the CAMPFIRE Program (USAID) ................................................................. 10 Support to WWF and CAMPFIRE (NORAD) ................................................................... 10 Other Funding Sources ................................................................................................... 11 2. SCALE OF CBNRM PROGRAM ...................................................................................... 13 2.1 GEOGRAPHIC EXTENT ....................................................................................................... 13 2.2 AREA UNDER CBNRM MANAGEMENT .............................................................................. 17 2.3 GEO-REFERENCED LOCATIONS OF CBNRM UNITS ........................................................... 18 2.4 GEO-REFERENCED LOCATIONS OF PROTECTED AREAS .................................................... 18 2.5 NATIONAL LEVEL MAPS OF PROTECTED AREAS ................................................................ 19 2.6 BRIEF WRITTEN DESCRIPTION OF TYPES OF CBNRM ACTIVITIES SUPPORTED ................... 21 2.6.1 Wildlife ................................................................................................................... 21 2.6.2 Tourism ................................................................................................................. 22 2.6.3 Natural plant products ........................................................................................... 23 COMMUNITY BASED NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT i 2.6.4 Forests and Woodland Management .................................................................... 24 2.6.5 Fish ....................................................................................................................... 25 2.6.6 Water Resources Management ............................................................................ 26 2.6.7 Related Agricultural Activities ................................................................................ 27 2.6.8 Crafts..................................................................................................................... 28 3. IMPACTS OF CBNRM PROGRAMS TO DATE............................................................... 29 3.1 CHANGES IN RIGHTS TO BENEFIT FROM NATURAL RESOURCES ......................................... 29 3.1.1 Wildlife Resources ................................................................................................ 30 3.1.2 Resource Sharing in Forest Reserves (Gazetted Forests) ................................... 30 3.1.3 Other Natural Resources ...................................................................................... 31 3.1.4 Commercialization of Non Timber Forest Products .............................................. 32 3.2 CHANGES TO NATURAL RESOURCE BASE: STATUS AND TRENDS ...................................... 33 3.2.1 Wildlife Populations ............................................................................................... 33 3.2.2 Changes in Wildlife Habitat ................................................................................... 35 3.2.3 Forests, Woodlands and Trees ............................................................................. 36 3.3 CHANGES IN GOVERNANCE, RURAL REPRESENTATION AND ADVOCACY............................. 37 3.3.1 Number of People Supported through CBNRM .................................................... 37 3.3.2 Number of CBOs Formed / Operational ................................................................ 38 3.3.3 Gender and Marginalized People .......................................................................... 39 3.4 CHANGES IN BENEFITS ..................................................................................................... 40 The CAMPFIRE Model .................................................................................................... 41 3.4.1 Collective income to CBOs ................................................................................... 41 3.4.2 Cash Income to Individual Households ................................................................. 42 3.4.3 In Kind Benefits from CBNRM ................................................................................ 43 3.5 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NATIONAL PRIORITIES AND PROGRAMS ............................................. 45 3.5.1 Poverty Alleviation, Food Security and the Millennium Development Goals ......... 45 3.5.2 Economic Growth .................................................................................................. 47 3.5.3 Combating Desertification ..................................................................................... 48 3.5.4 Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation ........................................................... 50 ii COMMUNITY BASED NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PART 2: ANALYSIS AND FUTURE ORIENTATIONS ......................... 51 4. ENABLING CONDITIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CBNRM ............................. 51 4.1 OVERARCHING CONDITIONS: POLICY AND LEGISLATION ................................................... 51 Wildlife Policy .................................................................................................................. 51 EMA Act of 2002 and the Environmental Sub-committees Regulations of 2009 ............ 51 Government Support ....................................................................................................... 52 4.2 NATURAL RESOURCES ..................................................................................................... 52 Natural Resources Endowment ...................................................................................... 52 Demand for Natural Products .......................................................................................... 52 4.3 TRANSFRONTIER CONSERVATION AREAS ......................................................................... 53 4.4 ECONOMIC AND LIVELIHOOD BENEFITS ............................................................................. 53 4.5 BUILDING ON EXISTING COMMUNITY INSTITUTIONS ............................................................ 54 4.6 PARTNERSHIPS WITH THE PRIVATE SECTOR ..................................................................... 55 5. LESSONS LEARNED ....................................................................................................