NOWPAP POMRAC Northwest Pacific Action Plan Pollution Monitoring Regional Activity Centre 7 Radio St., Vladivostok 690041, Russian Federation Tel.: 7-4232-313071, Fax: 7-4232-312833 Website: http://www.pomrac.dvo.ru http://pomrac.nowpap.org Regional Overview on Integrated Coastal and River Basin Management (ICARM) in the NOWPAP Region POMRAC, Vladivostok 2009 POMRAC Technical Report No 5 МС TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary...................................................................................................................................................4 1 Introduction................................................................................................................................................6 1.1 Introduction to Regional Seas Programme and NOWPAP Region.............................................................6 1.2 Brief introduction of Integrated Coastal and River Basin Management in the NOWPAP Region...........................................................................................................................7 1.3 Importance of ICARM procedures for the Region and necessary ICARM strategy in the NOWPAP Region...............................................................................................7 1.4 Geographical scope of NOWPAP area....................................................................................................9 1.5 Institutional arrangements for developing this overview..........................................................................10 2 Part I. Comparative analysis of present situation in NOWPAP Member States.......................................11 2.1 Values of Coasts: Worldwide and NOWPAP region.................................................................................11 2.2 Social conditions.......................................................................................................................................11 2.2.1 Population.................................................................................................................................................11 2.3 Economic conditions.................................................................................................................................12 2.3.1 Overall economic development and major industries...............................................................................12 2.3.2 Agriculture................................................................................................................................................13 2.3.3 Forestry............................................................... .......................................................................................14 2.3.4 Fisheries....................................................................................................................................................15 2.3.5 Mineral resources......................................................................................................................................16 2.3.6 Transportation...........................................................................................................................................16 2.3.7 Tourism.....................................................................................................................................................17 2.4 Environmental conditions / brief information on natural resources.........................................................17 2.4.1 Environmental /physical setting................................................................................................................17 2.4.2 Major river basins / watersheds...............................................................................................................182 .4.3 Land-uses / land cover...............................................................................................................................19 2.4.4 Coastal habitats.........................................................................................................................................19 2.4.5 Anthropogenic activities which cause inputs of contaminants to river basins and coastal zones...............................................................................................................20 2.4.6 environmental impacts from different sectors of economy......................................................................20 3 Part II. Experience of ICARM planning and implementation in NOWPAP Region................................21 3.1 Analysis of situation in NOWPAP countries...........................................................................................21 3.1.1 Habitat degradation..................................................................................................................................21 3.1.2 Pollution....................................................................................................................................................22 3.1.2.1 Water quality............................................................................................................................................22 3.1.2.2 Air pollution..............................................................................................................................................23 2 3 3.1.2.3 Nutrients....................................................................................................................................................24 3.1.2.4 Heavy metals, hazardous substances and sediments.................................................................................24 3.1.2.5 Oil spill......................................................................................................................................................26 3.1.2.6 Red tides / harmful algal blooms.............................................................................................................26 3.1.2.7 Marine debris, solid wastes and ocean dumping.......................................................................................26 3.1.2.8 Wastewater / sewage.................................................................................................................................26 3.1.3 Non-optimal use of resources...................................................................................................................27 3.1.4 Natural disasters........................................................................................................................................28 3.1.5 Institutional issues.....................................................................................................................................28 3.2 Key national/regional issues and measures to address them.....................................................................29 3.3 National/regional priorities and alternatives of problem solving..............................................................29 3.3.1 ICARM process........................................................................................................................................29 3.3.2 Interventions to address the identified/priority issues...............................................................................31 3.3.3 Examples of existing schemes of land-use management (or functional zoning) in coastal areas and river basins...............................................................................................................32 3.3.4 institutional arrangement to support ICARM ...........................................................................................35 3.3.5 ICARM national plans and/or programs...................................................................................................37 4 Part III. Overviews of national and international policies and laws related to ICARM...........................40 4.1 National policies.......................................................................................................................................40 4.2 international policies.................................................................................................................................43 5 Conclusions...............................................................................................................................................44 5.1 Proposed national ICARM-related activities and priorities......................................................................4 45.1.1 Direct action/intervention.........................................................................................................................44 5.1.2 Institutional development and organizational strengthening..................................................................44 1.3 Policy and legal reforms.........................................................................................................................45 5.1.4 Research and further studies...................................................................................................................46 5.2 Proposed regional ICARM-related activities and priorities...................................................................46 Conclusion, synthesis and future direction............................................................................................46 5.2.1 Conclusion, synthesis and future direction............................................................................................48